All articles starting with R
22,461 articles
Reflexive thematic analysis
Reflexive thematic analysis is a qualitative method in which researchers treat their subjectivity as an analytic resource, actively generating themes of shared meaning across a dataset.
Reflexivity (social theory)
Reflexivity in social theory: the capacity of actors and researchers to examine the assumptions shaping their own thought and conduct. Central to Giddens's structuration theory, Bourdieu's reflexive sociology, and Archer's modes of reflexivity, and a core methodological demand in qualitative research.
Reflexology
Reflexology, also called zone therapy, is a complementary therapy applying pressure to foot or hand points believed to map to body organs; clinical evidence for claimed healing effects is weak and unproven.
Reflexotherapy
Reflexotherapy, a term also used for reflexology, is the treatment of a condition by producing a reflex action, such as stopping a nosebleed with ice applied to the cervical spine.
Reflow soldering
Reflow soldering, also called solder reflow, is a process for surface-mount electronics assembly in which a controlled oven temperature profile melts solder paste to form joints.
Reflux
Reflux, also called heating under reflux, is a laboratory technique that holds a chemical reaction at the solvent's boiling point by condensing vapor back into the flask.
Reflux finding score
The reflux finding score is an endoscopic scoring system grading eight laryngeal findings to estimate laryngopharyngeal reflux, introduced in 2001, with a score above 7 indicating treatment.
Reforestation
Reforestation: re-establishing forest on forest-classified land by planting or seeding, distinct from afforestation and natural regeneration. Key facts: 31.4 GtCO2 30-year abatement below $50/tCO2; Bonn Challenge 350 Mha goal; natural regeneration vs plantation trade-offs.
Reforge Party
Reforge Party (Parti Reforge): Canadian federal party led by Grant S. Abraham, formerly the United Party of Canada (registered 2024, renamed 2026), a faith-based right-wing party headquartered in Calgary.
Reforj
Reforj is an open-world sandbox game of exploration, sculpting, and building by 4J Studios, the Scottish studio behind Minecraft's console editions, announced in late 2024.
Reform Act 1832
The Reform Act 1832 (Representation of the People Act 1832, Great Reform Act), passed under Earl Grey, redistributed English and Welsh seats, abolished rotten boroughs, created a £10 borough franchise for male householders, and formally excluded women voters.
Reform Act 1867
Reform Act 1867 (Second Reform Act, Representation of the People Act 1867): UK statute extending the borough vote to all householders and £10 lodgers, doubling the England and Wales electorate to two million men; women excluded, leading to the Ballot Act 1872.
Reform and Opening Up
Reform and Opening Up (改革开放) is the program of economic reform and external opening adopted by China's Communist Party in December 1978, led by Deng Xiaoping.
Reform Club
The Reform Club is a private members' club at 104 Pall Mall, London, founded in 1836 by Radicals and Whigs after the Great Reform Act; Charles Barry built its 1841 Italian Renaissance clubhouse, and Jules Verne set Phileas Fogg's wager there.
Reform Derby
Reform Derby is a local political party registered in Great Britain on 18 March 2020, led by Alan Graves, contesting Derby City Council elections jointly with Reform UK and holding 6 council seats after the 2023 election.
Reform Edict of 1856
The Reform Edict of 1856 (Islahat Fermanı) was an Ottoman decree of Sultan Abdulmecid I, proclaimed in February 1856, declaring all subjects equal regardless of religion.
Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism, also called Progressive Judaism, is a major branch of Judaism that began in Central Europe around 1810 and is now the largest US Jewish movement.
Reform Laws
The Reform Laws (Leyes de Reforma) are decrees issued by Benito Juárez's government at Veracruz in 1859 and 1860, nationalizing Church property, establishing civil marriage, and separating Church and State in Mexico.
Reform of office titles under King Gyeongdeok
The reform of office titles under King Gyeongdeok (경덕왕의 관제 개혁) replaced Silla's official titles with Chinese-style names between 747 and 759, later reversed under King Hyegong.
Reform of the Inca state under Pachacuti
The reform of the Inca state under Pachacuti (Reformas de Pachacútec) reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the Tahuantinsuyu, the four-part Inca empire, after Pachacuti's victory over the Chanca attackers.
Reform of the Six Ministries and private armies under Taejong
The reform of the Six Ministries and private armies under Taejong abolished private armies in Joseon Korea from 1400, shifting military power to the crown.
Reform of the United Nations Security Council
Security Council reform: the UN General Assembly effort since 1993 to change the Council's membership, regional representation, and P5 veto; IGN negotiations since 2009 remain deadlocked between G4, African Group, and Uniting for Consensus.
Reform of the United States Senate
Reform of the United States Senate covers changes and proposals on the chamber's election, apportionment, and procedure, including the 1913 Seventeenth Amendment's direct election, filibuster and cloture reform, reorganization acts, and apportionment and abolition proposals.
Reform Party of Canada
Reform Party of Canada, right-wing populist federal party founded 1987 under Preston Manning; western-based, won 60 seats and Official Opposition status in 1997, became Canadian Alliance in 2000, merged into Conservative Party 2003.
Reform Party of the United States of America
Reform Party of the United States of America (RPUSA): Perot-founded moderate American third party, est. 1995; won the 1998 Minnesota governorship with Jesse Ventura, fractured after the 2000 Buchanan nomination fight.
Reform school
Reform school, also called training school or juvenile reformatory, a residential institution for court-committed youth; rooted in 1825 houses of refuge and parens patriae, largely replaced by juvenile courts, community programs, and secure children's homes.
Reform UK
Reform UK, formerly the Brexit Party (renamed January 2021), is Nigel Farage's right-wing populist UK party. It won 5 seats on 14.3% at the 2024 general election, 677 council seats and 10 councils in May 2025, and led national polls from April 2025.
Reform UK financial allegations
Financial allegations and investigations concerning Reform UK, the British populist party: the September 2026 undercover foreign-donation broadcast, Met Police inquiries into 2024 donations, and Nigel Farage's undeclared £5m gift from Christopher Harborne.
Reform UK Wales
Reform UK Wales is the Welsh branch of Nigel Farage's Reform UK, led by Dan Thomas. It jumped from about 1% in 2021 to 34 Senedd seats in 2026, second behind Plaid Cymru's 43, under the new closed-list D'Hondt system.
Reform War
Reform War (Guerra de Reforma, Three Years' War), Mexican civil war 1857-1861 between Benito Juárez's liberals and Félix Zuloaga's conservatives, triggered by the Plan de Tacubaya, ending at Calpulalpan and leading to the French Intervention.