All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Spin quantum number
The spin quantum number, written s, fixes the magnitude of a particle's intrinsic angular momentum; electrons, protons, and neutrons have s = 1/2, photons s = 1.
Spin qubit
A spin qubit is a quantum bit encoding information in the spin of a confined electron in a semiconductor quantum dot, proposed by Loss and DiVincenzo in 1998.
Spin qubit quantum computer
A spin qubit quantum computer uses electron spin states in semiconductor quantum dots or donor atoms as qubits, benefiting from long coherence times and silicon manufacturing.
Spin recovery
Spin recovery is the set of control actions a pilot uses to return an airplane to normal flight after a spin, stopping rotation and reducing the angle of attack below stall.
Spin Seebeck effect
The spin Seebeck effect is the generation of a spin current by a temperature gradient in a magnetic material, first demonstrated by K. Uchida and colleagues in 2008.
Spin Seebeck effect in YIG/Pt
The spin Seebeck effect in YIG/Pt is a spin-caloritronic effect where a temperature gradient in the ferrimagnetic insulator YIG generates a spin current converted to voltage in platinum.
Spin squeezing
Spin squeezing is a quantum effect that reduces uncertainty in one collective spin component at the cost of another, enabling more precise atomic clocks and spectroscopy.
Spin stabilization
Spin stabilization is a passive spacecraft attitude-control technique in which the whole vehicle spins, so its angular momentum stays fixed and gyroscopic stiffness resists disturbance torques.
Spin structure
A spin structure is a lift of an oriented Riemannian manifold's frame bundle to the group Spin(n), the data needed to define spinor fields and Dirac operators on curved spaces.
Spin superconductor
A spin superconductor is a proposed quantum state of matter in which spin angular momentum, rather than electric charge, flows without dissipation, with zero spin resistance.
Spin supercurrent
A spin supercurrent is a dissipationless flow of spin angular momentum, first seen in superfluid helium-3 and later carried by spin-triplet Cooper pairs through ferromagnets in superconductors.
Spin superfluidity
Spin superfluidity is a proposed dissipationless state of magnetic matter in which spin travels long distances via a spin phase gradient, reported experimentally in antiferromagnets such as Cr2O3.
Spin transfer torque
Spin transfer torque (STT) is an effect in which a spin-polarized electric current transfers angular momentum to a magnetic layer, switching its magnetization without an applied magnetic field.
Spin trapping
Spin trapping is a technique, introduced by Edward G. Janzen and Barry J. Blackburn in 1968, that converts short-lived radicals into stable nitroxide adducts detectable by EPR spectroscopy.
Spin-1/2
Spin-1/2 is the property of quantum particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons whose spin along any axis has only two outcomes, demonstrated by Stern and Gerlach in 1922.
Spin-boson model
The spin-boson model is an open quantum systems model in which a two-level system is coupled to a dissipative bath of harmonic oscillators, describing electron transfer and hydrogen tunneling.
Spin-center shift
The spin-center shift (SCS) is a radical reaction mechanism in which the radical center shifts one atom as an adjacent leaving group departs, now widely used in photoredox catalysis.
Spin-dependent Seebeck effect
The spin-dependent Seebeck effect is the generation of different thermoelectric voltages for the two electron spin channels in a magnetic material, producing a spin current from heat.
Spin-orbit Mott physics in honeycomb iridates
Spin-orbit Mott physics in honeycomb iridates describes the insulating state of layered iridium oxides like Na2IrO3, where strong spin-orbit coupling and electron repulsion produce spin-orbit-entangled magnetic moments enabling Kitaev-type exchange.
Spin-orbit proximity effect
The spin-orbit proximity effect is the induction of spin-orbit coupling in a material with almost none, such as graphene, by van der Waals contact with a strong-coupling layer like WS2.
Spin-orbit torque
Spin-orbit torque (SOT) is a physical effect in which current flowing through a heavy metal exerts torque on an adjacent ferromagnet, switching its magnetization direction.
Spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate
A spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate is an ultracold gas whose atoms' spin is coupled to their motion by engineered laser fields, first realized with rubidium-87 in 2011.
Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy
Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM) is a technique using a magnetized STM tip to image magnetic domains, spin spirals, and skyrmions with atomic resolution, first demonstrated on chromium in 1990.
Spin-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Spin-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES, also called spin-ARPES) is an experimental technique extending ARPES by measuring electron spin polarization, used to study topological insulators, Rashba splitting, and altermagnets.
Spin-resolved photoemission microscopy
Spin-resolved photoemission microscopy is a family of surface-science techniques combining photoemission spectroscopy with electron microscopy to image the spin polarization of emitted electrons in real or momentum space.
Spin-spin relaxation
Spin-spin relaxation, or transverse relaxation, is the loss of phase coherence among nuclear spins in NMR, characterized by the time constant T₂, always no longer than T₁.
Spin-splitter torque
Spin-splitter torque is a current-induced torque generated in altermagnets like RuO2, producing a transverse pure spin current; it is nonrelativistic and enables field-free magnetization switching.
Spin-state catalysis in oxygen reduction
Spin-state catalysis in oxygen reduction uses catalyst spin states and spin-polarized electron transfer to lower the kinetic barrier of the four-electron oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells and metal–air batteries.
Spin-state control of perovskite oxygen evolution
Spin-state control of perovskite oxygen evolution is the deliberate tuning of electron spin configurations in perovskite oxide electrocatalysts, which improves the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction of water splitting.
Spin-to-charge conversion at Rashba interfaces
Spin-to-charge conversion at Rashba interfaces turns a spin current injected into a two-dimensional interface state into an in-plane charge current, driven by Rashba spin-orbit coupling and underpinning spintronic devices like MESO transistors.