All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Super-Kamiokande (スーパーカミオカンデ)
Super-Kamiokande (スーパーカミオカンデ), or Super-K, is the world's largest water Cherenkov neutrino detector, located 1,000 meters underground in Gifu, Japan; its evidence for neutrino oscillations earned Nobel Prizes in 2002 and 2015.
Super-NaturalInstructions
Super-NaturalInstructions (Sup-NatInst) is a benchmark of 1,616 NLP tasks with expert-written instructions, spanning 76 task types and 55 languages, published at EMNLP 2022 by researchers at the Allen Institute for AI.
Super-oscillatory lens
A super-oscillatory lens is a planar optical device that focuses light beyond the conventional diffraction limit using engineered wave interference, without evanescent waves or fluorescent labels.
Super-Planckian near-field thermal radiation
Super-Planckian near-field thermal radiation is radiative heat exchange across gaps below the thermal wavelength, where evanescent photon tunneling boosts heat flux far past the blackbody limit.
Super-recursive algorithm
A super-recursive algorithm is, in Mark Burgin's classification of algorithmic models, a model of computation exceeding Turing machines, exemplified by inductive Turing machines that produce results by output stabilizing.
Super-resolution diffusion
Super-resolution diffusion is the use of diffusion models, which denoise random noise conditioned on a low-resolution image, to produce detailed high-resolution output, pioneered by Google Research's SR3 method in 2021.
Super-resolution generative adversarial network
The super-resolution generative adversarial network (SRGAN) is a machine learning method that reconstructs photo-realistic high-resolution images from low-resolution inputs, introduced by Christian Ledig and colleagues in 2016.
Super-resolution imaging
Super-resolution imaging is a set of optical microscopy techniques that resolve features finer than the diffraction limit of about 200 nm, recognized in the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Super-resolution mapping
Super-resolution mapping, also called subpixel mapping, is a remote sensing technique that divides each coarse pixel into subpixels, producing hard classified land-cover maps finer than the input imagery.
Super-resolution microscopy
Super-resolution microscopy (SRM), also known as nanoscopy, is a family of fluorescence imaging techniques resolving structures down to a few nanometers, recognized by the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Super-resolution network
A super-resolution network is a deep neural network that reconstructs a high-resolution image from one or more low-resolution observations by learning the mapping between them from training data.
Super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging
Super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) is a fluorescence microscopy technique that overcomes the diffraction limit by computing higher-order cumulants of blinking fluorophores, introduced at UCLA in 2009.
Super-resolution radial fluctuations
Super-resolution radial fluctuations (SRRF) is a fluorescence microscopy image-processing method, introduced in 2016, that reconstructs super-resolution images from fluorophore fluctuations at low excitation power, without structured illumination or single-molecule isolation.
Super-Skrull
Super-Skrull (Kl'rt) is a Marvel Comics Skrull warrior, debuting in Fantastic Four #18 (1963), given all four Fantastic Four powers via cosmic energy beamed from Tarnax IV, later an exiled cosmic figure and template for Super-Skrull super-soldiers.
Super-Sonic bike park
Super-Sonic bike park is a theme park and tourist attraction in Kharkiv Raion, Ukraine, at 50.06359 N, 36.28146 E (OSM node 4450920118), listed as a Kyivskyi District amusement park, rated 8.6/10 on Mesta, currently shown closed.
Super-Sons
Super-Sons is a DC Comics name for two pairings: the 1970s imaginary-story sons of Superman and Batman (Clark Kent, Jr. and Bruce Wayne, Jr. of Earth-216) by Bob Haney and Dick Dillin, and the 2017 Super Sons series teaming Jon Kent and Damian Wayne.
Super-twisting algorithm
The super-twisting algorithm is a second-order sliding mode control law that drives a sliding variable and its derivative to zero in finite time, using continuous control to reduce chattering.
Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story
Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story is a 2024 documentary by Ian Bonhôte and Peter Ettedgui about actor-activist Christopher Reeve, his 1995 paralysis, and disability advocacy, narrated partly from his Still Me audiobook.
Super73
Super73 is an American electric bike manufacturer based in Irvine, California, founded in 2016, known for moped-styled e-bikes with motorcycle-inspired design, fat tires, and app-configurable ride modes.
Super8 & Tab (group)
Super8 & Tab is a Finnish trance DJ and production duo from Helsinki, formed of Miika Eloranta (Super8) and Janne Mansnerus (DJ Tab) in 2005.
Superabsorbent polymer
A superabsorbent polymer, also called slush powder, is a crosslinked polymer that absorbs over 1,000 times its weight in water, used mainly in disposable diapers.
Superacid
A superacid is an acid stronger than 100 percent sulfuric acid, defined by Robert Gillespie as having a Hammett acidity H0 of −12 or lower.
Superaequum
Superaequum: Roman municipium of Regio IV in the Valle Subequana, Abruzzo; third Pelignian municipium named by Pliny, with remains at Macrano near Castelvecchio Subequo and a disputed Iron Age nucleus near Secinaro.
Superaerophobic electrodes
Superaerophobic electrodes are gas-evolving electrodes whose surfaces repel gas bubbles underwater, defined by a bubble contact angle above 150°; they improve hydrogen and oxygen evolution in water electrolysis.
Superalignment team departures
The Superalignment team departures were the May 2024 resignations of Ilya Sutskever and Jan Leike, co-leaders of OpenAI's Superalignment team, followed by the team's dissolution.
Superalloy
A superalloy is an iron-, nickel-, or cobalt-based alloy that keeps most of its strength above 650 °C, developed for turbine engines after World War II.
SuperAnnotate
SuperAnnotate (SuperAnnotate AI, Inc.) is a San Francisco AI data platform company founded in 2018 by brothers Tigran and Vahan Petrosyan, offering multimodal data annotation, evaluation, RLHF workflows, and a managed expert workforce; backed by NVIDIA, Socium Ventures, Base10, Point Nine, and Dell Technologies Capital.
Superannuation in Australia
Superannuation in Australia, known as super, is the compulsory private retirement saving system under which employers contribute a percentage of employees' earnings, 12% from 2025, alongside the Age Pension.
Superatom
A superatom is a cluster of atoms that mimics the chemical behavior of a single atom, with stable closed-shell clusters proposed as building blocks for new materials.
Superb microvascular imaging
Superb microvascular imaging (SMI) is a Canon ultrasound Doppler technique that displays low-velocity flow in small vessels without contrast agents, used in breast, thyroid, and liver imaging.