All articles starting with S
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Synopsys VCS
Synopsys VCS, short for Verilog Compiled Simulator, is a high-performance simulator for Verilog, SystemVerilog, and VHDL sold by Synopsys as the core of its verification suite.
Synoptic Gospels
The Synoptic Gospels are Matthew, Mark, and Luke, the first three canonical Gospels, so similar in content, wording, and order that they can be compared in parallel columns.
SYNOT Group
SYNOT Group is a Czech gaming and lottery group founded in 1991 by Ivo Valenta and headquartered in Uherské Hradiště, operating in more than 45 countries.
Synovectomy
Synovectomy is surgical, arthroscopic, or radiation removal of a joint's inflamed synovial membrane, first proposed in 1900, used for rheumatoid arthritis, PVNS, and hemophilia; it relieves pain in about 75% of patients but the synovium regrows.
Synovial biopsy
Synovial biopsy is a diagnostic procedure that removes a small sample of the synovium, a joint's lining membrane, when fluid analysis and imaging cannot identify the cause of joint inflammation.
Synovial bursa
Synovial bursa (pl. bursae): thin synovial membrane-lined, fluid-filled sacs, about 160 in the adult body, mostly near large joints, that reduce friction between bone, tendon, muscle, and skin; distinct from adventitious bursae.
Synovial cell
Synovial cells are the macrophages and fibroblasts of the joint-lining synovium; CD55+ lining and THY1+ sublining fibroblasts and MerTK-defined macrophage subsets maintain joint homeostasis and drive rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis inflammation.
Synovial chondromatosis
Synovial chondromatosis (synovial osteochondromatosis): rare benign condition where cartilage nodules form in the joint synovium, most often the knee, men 4:1, treated by loose body removal and synovectomy.
Synovial fluid
Synovial fluid is the viscous fluid confined within synovial joints, where it lubricates articular cartilage and diffuses nutrients to cartilage, the meniscus, and the labrum, enabling friction coefficients as low as 0.001.
Synovial fluid analysis
Synovial fluid analysis is the laboratory examination of fluid aspirated from a joint, covering cell counts, crystals, and cultures to diagnose gout, pseudogout, and septic arthritis.
Synovial joint
Synovial joint (diarthrosis): freely movable joint with a fluid-filled joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial membrane, and hyaline cartilage; includes hinge, saddle, planar, pivot, condyloid, and ball-and-socket types such as the knee and shoulder.
Synovial osteochondromatosis
Synovial osteochondromatosis (synovial chondromatosis) is a rare benign joint disorder with cartilaginous metaplasia of the synovium forming loose bodies; incidence 1.8/million/year, knee most affected, recurrence 3–23%, rare chondrosarcomatous transformation.
Synovial sarcoma
Synovial sarcoma is a soft tissue cancer of children and young adults, 5-10% of sarcomas, defined by the t(X;18) SS18::SSX fusion gene; treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and since 2024 the Tecelra T-cell therapy.
Synovitis
Synovitis is inflammation of the synovial membrane lining joints, common in arthritis (RA, psoriatic arthritis, gout) and injury. Diagnosed clinically, by ultrasound, and by contrast-enhanced MRI, the gold standard; CEUS accuracy 87% vs MRI 87.7%.
SynOx Therapeutics
SynOx Therapeutics Ltd is a Dublin, Ireland- and Oxford, UK-based clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing emactuzumab, a humanized anti-CSF-1R antibody licensed from Roche, for tenosynovial giant cell tumor.
Synphilin-1
Synphilin-1 (Sph1), encoded by SNCAIP on chromosome 5q23.2, is a 919-aa presynaptic protein identified in 1999 as an alpha-synuclein interactor. It is found in Lewy bodies, inhibits alpha-synuclein proteasomal degradation, and its R621C variant is a Parkinson's disease susceptibility factor.
Synroc
Synroc (synthetic rock) is a titanate ceramic invented in 1978 by Ted Ringwood at the Australian National University to immobilize high-level radioactive waste, developed since by ANSTO.
Synsepalum dulcificum
Synsepalum dulcificum, the miracle fruit or miracle berry (神秘果), a West African Sapotaceae shrub whose glycoprotein miraculin binds hT1R2-hT1R3 and makes sour foods taste sweet for 1-2 hours; EU-authorized novel food at 0.7 g/day.
Synslai trial
Synslai trial (NCT06956677): a Taiwanese open-label pilot RCT of Synslai, a non-powered mechanical bilateral upper limb training device for stroke hemiparesis, finding non-inferiority to conventional therapy, possible spatial coordination benefit, and good usability in 54 completers.
Syntactic parsing
Syntactic parsing is the NLP task of recovering a sentence's grammatical structure from text, either as a phrase-structure tree or as labeled dependency relations between words.
Syntactic Structures
Syntactic Structures, Noam Chomsky's 1957 Mouton monograph published in The Hague, introduced transformational-generative grammar and the sentence "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously," launching the generative revolution in linguistics.
Syntactic sugar
Syntactic sugar, also called syntax sugar, is syntax in a programming language that makes code easier to read or write without adding expressive power, coined by Peter Landin in 1964.
Syntax
Syntax (linguistics): the study of how sentences are constructed, founded in Chomsky's 1957 Syntactic Structures and generative grammar, now spanning the Minimalist Program, constraint-based frameworks like HPSG and LFG, and neural language model testing.
Syntax (programming languages)
Syntax in programming languages: the grammar rules deciding which strings are valid programs and their structure, distinct from semantics. Covers concrete vs abstract syntax, BNF from ALGOL 60, ambiguity, and empirical evidence on novice-friendly syntax.
Syntax highlighting
Syntax highlighting: colored display of code (keywords, strings, comments) in editors and web pages. Rooted in the 1960s Emily editor and TextMate grammars; extended by semantic tokens, highlight.js, and neural approaches.
SYNTAX score
The SYNTAX score is an angiographic scoring system grading the anatomical complexity of coronary artery disease, developed for the SYNTAX trial to help heart teams choose between PCI and bypass surgery.
Syntax-directed translation
Syntax-directed translation (SDT), also called syntax-directed definition or translation scheme, is a compiler method attaching semantic rules or actions to context-free grammar productions to compute attributes, types, and code during parsing or tree walks.
SYNTAXES study
SYNTAXES (SYNTAX Extended Survival, NCT03417050) is the 10-year extended follow-up of the SYNTAX trial: 1,800 patients with three-vessel or left main disease randomized to PCI or CABG; 10-year all-cause death similar overall (28% vs 24%, p=0.066), CABG better in three-vessel disease.
Syntaxin
Syntaxins are a eukaryotic family of t-SNARE membrane proteins, 15 genes in mammals and 7 in yeast, with a C-terminal transmembrane anchor, SNARE motif, and Habc domain, mediating vesicle docking and fusion at specific target membranes.
Syntegon Technology
Syntegon Technology is a German process and packaging technology provider headquartered in Waiblingen and Stuttgart, supplying machines and lines to pharmaceutical and food industries since its 2020 renaming from Bosch Packaging Technology.