All articles starting with S

Synteny

Synteny: originally, gene loci on the same chromosome regardless of linkage; coined by John Renwick in 1971. Now often means conserved chromosomal regions of common evolutionary ancestry across species in comparative genomics.

Synth-pop

Synth-pop, also called technopop, is pop and new wave music with the synthesizer as the dominant instrument. It peaked in Britain around 1979–1984 (Human League, Depeche Mode, Yazoo), drew on Kraftwerk, and saw revivals in the 2010s and 2020s.

Synthego

Synthego was a genome-engineering company founded in 2012 in Redwood City, California, that made synthetic guide RNAs and CRISPR tools before filing for bankruptcy in 2025.

Synthese

Synthese is a peer-reviewed academic journal for epistemology, methodology, and philosophy of science, published by Springer Netherlands. Founded in 1936, it ranks among the major general journals in analytic philosophy.

Synthesia

Synthesia is a London-based artificial intelligence company founded in 2017 whose platform turns written scripts into videos of AI-generated talking-head avatars, used by over 60,000 enterprises for training and internal communication.

Synthesis (Evanescence album)

Synthesis is Evanescence's fourth studio album, released November 10, 2017 on BMG: orchestral and electronic re-recordings of catalog songs plus two new tracks, Hi-Lo and Imperfection, produced by Amy Lee and Will Hunt with arrangements by David Campbell, followed by the Synthesis Live orchestra tour.

Synthesis anarchism

Synthesis anarchism (la synthèse anarchiste), also called synthesism or big-tent anarchism, is a multi-tendency anarchist organizing model developed by Voline and Sébastien Faure in the 1920s in response to the Delo Truda Platform, uniting anarcho-syndicalism, anarchist communism, and individualist anarchism in single federations.

Synthesis of boronic acids and boronate esters

The synthesis of boronic acids and boronate esters uses organometallic trapping with borates, palladium-catalyzed Miyaura borylation, iridium C–H borylation, and newer decarboxylative borylations of carboxylic acid derivatives.

Synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide

The synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide is the catalytic cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides, run industrially since the 1950s for solvents and battery electrolytes.

Synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase, Sco1/Sco2

Synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase, Sco1/Sco2 (IPR017276) is a family of thioredoxin-like copper-binding proteins, the human SCO1 and SCO2, that deliver copper to cytochrome c oxidase.

Synthesis of DNA

Synthesis of DNA: enzyme-catalyzed 5'-to-3' construction of DNA strands by DNA polymerases during S-phase replication and repair, requiring RNA primers, helicase, and clamps.

Synthesis of two-dimensional materials

The synthesis of two-dimensional materials is the set of laboratory and industrial processes producing atomically thin crystals such as graphene, from tape exfoliation in 2004 to wafer-scale vapor deposition.

Synthesis without meta-analysis

Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) is a nine-item reporting guideline, published in The BMJ in 2020, for systematic reviews of interventions that synthesize effect data without meta-analysis, extending PRISMA.

Synthesized iso-paraffins from fermented hydroprocessed sugar

Synthesized iso-paraffins from fermented hydroprocessed sugar (SIP) is a sustainable aviation fuel pathway in which engineered microbes ferment sugar into farnesene, hydrotreated to farnesane and blended into jet fuel at up to 10 percent.

Synthesizer

Synthesizer (シンセサイザー): an electronic instrument that synthesizes sound with circuits or digital computation, usually keyboard-controlled. Traces from the 1906 Telharmonium and RCA machine through Moog (1964), the Prophet-5, MIDI (1982/83), the DX7, and MIDI 2.0.

Synthesizer V

Synthesizer V, also known as SynthV, is a singing voice synthesis software by Tokyo-based Dreamtonics that generates sung vocals from melodies and lyrics, first released in 2018.

Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat

Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat, Charanjit Singh's 1982 EMI India album, sets ten Hindustani ragas over Roland TB-303, TR-808, and Jupiter-8 disco beats, predating acid house by five years.

Synthetic 2D polymers

Synthetic 2D polymers are one-molecule-thick polymer sheets with periodic covalent structures, prepared by chemical synthesis rather than exfoliation, first reported in 2012 via photochemical polymerization in layered crystals.

Synthetic amorphous silica

Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS, silicon dioxide, E 551) is a man-made non-crystalline SiO2 made by thermal (fumed) or wet (precipitated, gel, hydrous) processes, used mainly as an anticaking food additive.

Synthetic antiferromagnets

Synthetic antiferromagnets (SAFs) are engineered structures of two or more ferromagnetic layers with antiparallel magnetizations, coupled through RKKY exchange and used as reference layers in magnetic tunnel junctions and MRAM.

Sep 29, 2026

Synthetic aperture imaging

Synthetic aperture imaging is a radar technique that processes echoes from a small moving antenna as if from one much larger one, yielding high-resolution ground images.

Sep 29, 2026

Synthetic aperture sonar

Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) is an underwater acoustic imaging technique in which a moving sonar platform coherently combines echoes to form high-resolution seafloor images with constant resolution.

Synthetic biology

Synthetic biology: engineering the genetic material of organisms using DNA sequencing, genome editing, and design principles. Founded with the 2000 toggle switch and repressilator; market projected at $37–100 billion by 2030; major biosecurity and governance concerns.

Synthetic cannabinoid dependence

Synthetic cannabinoid dependence is an ICD-11 disorder of impaired control over synthetic cannabinoids like K2 and Spice, developing faster and withdrawing more severely than cannabis dependence.

Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication

Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication (ICD-11 6C42.3), also called K2 or Spice intoxication, is THC-like poisoning from full CB1 agonist designer drugs, causing tachycardia, seizures, psychosis, kidney injury, and deaths, with no specific antidote.

Synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal

Synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal (ICD-11 6C42.4), also called Spice or K2 withdrawal, is the symptom cluster after stopping synthetic cannabinoids; more severe than cannabis withdrawal, with psychosis, seizures, agitation, managed with diazepam and quetiapine.

Synthetic cannabinoids

Synthetic cannabinoids, sold as K2 or Spice, are lab-made full agonists of CB1/CB2 receptors, 2–100 times more potent than THC, sprayed on herbal incense and linked to seizures, psychosis, and deaths.

Synthetic cathinone intoxication

Synthetic cathinone intoxication (ICD-11 6C47.3), also called bath salts toxicity, is acute poisoning by khat-derived amphetamine-like stimulants, causing a sympathomimetic toxidrome of agitation, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and seizures, treated supportively with benzodiazepines and cooling.

Synthetic control method

The synthetic control method (SCM), proposed by Alberto Abadie and Javier Gardeazabal in 2003, estimates an intervention's effect by using a weighted combination of untreated units as the counterfactual.