All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Schirmer test
The Schirmer test is an ophthalmology test that measures tear production by placing a filter-paper strip in the lower eyelid and reading the wetted length after five minutes.
Schisandra chinensis
Schisandra chinensis, known as wuweizi, is a climbing medicinal plant of northeastern Asia whose fruit has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2,000 years.
Schisis association
Schisis association (ORPHA:63862) is a rare non-syndromic pattern of congenital anomalies: two or more of neural tube defects, cleft lip/palate, omphalocele, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia, co-occurring above chance rates.
Schism
Schism, from the Greek schisma meaning rent or division, is the rupture of ecclesiastical union, either severing ties with a religious body or the resulting state of separation.
Schism Edicts of Ashoka
The Schism Edicts (संघभेद लेख) are three inscriptions by Mauryan emperor Ashoka, carved at Sarnath, Sanchi, and Kosambi, ordering officials to keep the Buddhist Sangha united.
Schismus
Schismus (Mediterranean grass) is a genus of five small annual Poaceae grasses native from the Mediterranean to Central Asia, with S. arabicus and S. barbatus invasive winter annuals in western North American deserts.
Schist
Schist is a medium-grade foliated metamorphic rock whose aligned platy minerals, especially mica, give it a layered texture and let it split readily into thin flakes or slabs.
Schistes
Schistes (wedgebills) is a genus of Andean hummingbirds, family Trochilidae, erected by John Gould, with two species, Geoffroy's and the White-throated Wedgebill, known for a needle-sharp wedge bill used to pierce flowers and rob nectar.
Schistocyte
Schistocyte: a fragmented red blood cell formed by mechanical damage in circulation, also called schizocyte or helmet cell. Key marker of thrombotic microangiopathy; ICSH threshold above 1% of RBCs on smear.
Schistosoma
Schistosoma, blood flukes (genus of digenean trematodes, also called bilharzia worms), parasitize blood vessels and cause schistosomiasis; six species infect humans via freshwater snails, with praziquantel as the standard treatment.
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma haematobium, a blood fluke causing urogenital schistosomiasis (bilharziasis), transmitted by Bulinus snails in Africa, the Middle East, and Corsica; its terminal-spined eggs in urine cause hematuria and IARC Group 1 bladder cancer; treated with praziquantel.
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma japonicum, the blood fluke causing intestinal schistosomiasis japonica in China, Indonesia, and the Philippines; a zoonotic parasite with over 40 mammalian reservoirs, Oncomelania snail hosts, discovered by Katsurada in 1904, largely controlled in China and eradicated in Japan.
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma mansoni, a blood fluke causing intestinal schistosomiasis, transmitted by Biomphalaria snails across Africa, the Middle East, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, and the Caribbean; pooled endemic prevalence 14.8%, treated with praziquantel.
Schistosomatidae
Schistosomatidae (blood flukes) are dioecious trematode parasites of the blood vascular system of birds and mammals, with gastropod intermediate hosts; genus Schistosoma causes human schistosomiasis, and avian genera such as Trichobilharzia cause swimmer's itch.
Schistosomatoidea
Schistosomatoidea: superfamily of blood fluke trematodes containing Schistosomatidae (Schistosoma, human schistosomiasis), Spirorchiidae (turtle flukes), and Aporocotylidae; dioecious, two-host life cycles, spirorchiids paraphyletic.
Schistosomatoidea life cycle
The Schistosomatoidea life cycle is that of blood flukes whose cercariae penetrate host skin directly, without a metacercaria, and mature into separate-sex worms living in the veins.
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia), parasitic disease from Schistosoma blood flukes acquired via snail-released cercariae in freshwater; 253.7 million needed treatment in 2024, controlled by praziquantel preventive chemotherapy per WHO 2022 guidelines.
Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium, also called urogenital schistosomiasis, is a chronic parasitic disease common in Africa and the Middle East whose classic sign is blood in the urine.
Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosomiasis japonica (Asiatic schistosomiasis, ICD-11 1F86.2), disease caused by the zoonotic blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum, endemic in China, the Philippines, and Sulawesi, transmitted by Oncomelania snails, treated with praziquantel 60 mg/kg/day.
Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal/bilharzia) is a chronic blood-fluke infection of mesenteric veins transmitted via freshwater snails, diagnosed by Kato-Katz or CCA urine tests, treated with praziquantel 40 mg/kg, affecting ~253.7 million people needing treatment in 2024.
Schistosomiasis vaccine
Schistosomiasis vaccine: prophylactic vaccines against Schistosoma blood flukes (bilharzia). No licensed product exists; lead candidates Sm14, Sm-TSP-2, Sm-p80, and Sh28GST (Bilharvax), the only Phase 3 candidate, failed to show meaningful efficacy.
Schitt's Creek
Schitt's Creek is a Canadian sitcom (2015–2020) co-created by Dan and Eugene Levy, airing on CBC and Pop TV, about the wealthy Rose family rebuilding in a small town they bought as a joke; it won nine 2020 Emmys.
Schizachyrium
Schizachyrium (little bluestem genus) is a genus of about 60-64 Andropogoneae grasses published by Nees in 1829, type S. condensatum, native to Africa, Asia, and the Americas; shown polyphyletic.
Schizaeaceae
Schizaeaceae (comb ferns) is a family of Schizaeales ferns published by Kaulfuss in 1827, chiefly pantropical with about 150 species; accepted genera vary from two (Schizaea, Actinostachys) to three (adding Microschizaea), defined by a subapical-annulus sporangium opening lengthwise.
Schizencephaly
Schizencephaly is a rare congenital brain malformation with gray matter-lined clefts running from ventricle to cortex, classified as closed-lip or open-lip, causing epilepsy, motor deficits, and variable intellectual disability; prevalence about 1.48 per 100,000 births.
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizoaffective disorder, coined by Kasanin in 1933, is a psychiatric diagnosis combining psychotic symptoms with major mood episodes; DSM-5 criteria, prevalence, reliability, course, and the debate over its distinctness from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Schizodus
Schizodus is an extinct Paleozoic to Triassic trigoniacean bivalve genus (type species Axinus obscurus Sowerby 1823), a smooth infaunal suspension feeder distinct from Eoschizodus and Neoschizodus, cosmopolitan per Newell & Boyd.
Schizoid personality disorder
Schizoid personality disorder (SzPD, ICD-10 F60.1) is a Cluster A personality disorder marked by pervasive social detachment and restricted emotional expression, distinguished from avoidant PD by lack of rejection fear, mapped to ICD-11 Detachment.
Schizolobium parahyba
Schizolobium parahyba (guapuruvu, paricá, Brazilian firetree) is a fast-growing Fabaceae pioneer tree from S. Mexico to S. Tropical America, with very light wood, golden flowers, and invasive behavior outside its native forest.
Schizophoria
Schizophoria is an extinct genus of orthide brachiopods (family Schizophoriidae, named by King 1850, type species resupinatus) with biconvex punctate shells, cosmopolitan from Silurian-Devonian to late Paleozoic; not the fly section Schizophora.