All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Single-carrier frequency-domain equalization
Single-carrier frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE) is a technique that sends data as single-carrier blocks and equalizes them with an FFT, avoiding OFDM's high peak-to-average power ratio.
Single-case experimental design
A single-case experimental design is a psychology and education research method in which one participant or unit is measured repeatedly, providing its own control across baseline and intervention phases.
Single-cell ATAC-seq
Single-cell ATAC-seq (scATAC-seq) is a genomics assay that measures chromatin accessibility genome-wide in individual cells, first reported in 2015 and used to identify cell types and infer transcription-factor activity.
Single-cell ChIP-seq
Single-cell ChIP-seq is a family of genomics methods that profiles histone modifications or transcription factor binding in individual cells, first reported as Drop-ChIP in 2015.
Single-cell mass spectrometry
Single-cell mass spectrometry (SCMS) is a family of analytical techniques that detects and quantifies metabolites, lipids, proteins, and drugs in individual cells rather than in bulk cell populations.
Single-cell protein
Single-cell protein (SCP), also called microbial protein or bioprotein, is protein-rich biomass from bacteria, yeast, fungi, or microalgae grown by fermentation on sugars, gas, or wastewater; 40–80% protein, used as feed and food since Pruteen and Quorn.
Single-cell proteomics
Single-cell proteomics measures the identity and abundance of proteins in individual cells, using mass spectrometry or antibody-based assays; protein abundances span one to ten million copies per cell.
Single-cell RNA sequencing
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a molecular biology method that measures RNA transcript levels in individual cells, revealing the cell types and states in a tissue sample.
Single-cell sequencing
Single-cell sequencing profiles the genome, transcriptome, or epigenome of individual cells (scRNA-seq, scDNA-seq), revealing cell types, dropout and batch-effect artifacts, and powering the Human Cell Atlas.
Single-chain polymer nanoparticles
Single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) are nanoparticles formed when a single polymer chain folds onto itself, stabilized by intramolecular cross-links, at sizes of roughly 1.5–20 nm.
Single-Cooper-pair devices
Single-Cooper-pair devices are superconducting circuits that add, remove, or pump charge on an island one Cooper pair, 2e, at a time, exemplified by the Cooper-pair box, the first superconducting qubit to show coherent oscillations, in 1999.
Single-crystal 3D covalent organic frameworks
A single-crystal 3D covalent organic framework (3D COF) is a crystalline porous polymer covalently connected in three dimensions into a defect-poor lattice, first resolved as single crystals in 2013.
Single-crystal cathode material
A single-crystal cathode material is a lithium-ion battery cathode in which each active particle is one continuous crystal, avoiding grain-boundary cracking for longer cycle life and stability.
Single-crystal lithium iron phosphate cathodes
Single-crystal lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄, LFP) cathodes are lithium-ion battery cathode materials in which each particle is one continuous olivine crystal, grown as nanoscale plates or rods.
Single-crystal neutron diffraction
Single-crystal neutron diffraction is an analytical technique, first performed by Ernest Wollan at Oak Ridge in 1944, that locates hydrogen atoms and determines complex magnetic structures in crystals.
Single-crystal perovskite
A single-crystal perovskite is a metal halide perovskite semiconductor grown as one continuous lattice without grain boundaries, studied for solar cells with record 25.8% efficiency and for X-ray detectors.
Single-crystal quasi-2D covalent fullerene network
A single-crystal quasi-2D covalent fullerene network is a 2D crystalline material in which C60 molecules are joined by covalent bonds, first synthesized in monolayer form in 2022.
Single-crystal superalloy
A single-crystal superalloy is a nickel-based high-temperature alloy cast so the entire component, typically a gas turbine blade, forms one crystal with no grain boundaries for exceptional creep strength.
Single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation in MOFs
A single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation in a metal–organic framework is a solid-state change, triggered by stimuli like solvent exchange, heat, or light, in which the crystal retains crystallinity and can be followed directly by X-ray diffraction.
Single-cylinder engine
A single-cylinder engine is an internal combustion engine with one cylinder and one piston, nicknamed the "thumper" and standard on dirt bikes and small dual-sport motorcycles.
Single-drop microextraction
Single-drop microextraction (SDME) is a sample preparation technique in which a microliter drop of solvent suspended from a microsyringe extracts and concentrates analytes from a sample.
Single-electron pump
A single-electron pump is a nanoscale quantum device that moves one electron per cycle, producing a quantized current I = ef for realizing the ampere.
Single-electron transistor
A single-electron transistor is a nanoscale three-terminal device where electrons tunnel one at a time through a small conductive island, or quantum dot, with a gate controlling the island's potential.
Single-electron transmetalation in cross-coupling
Single-electron transmetalation is a cross-coupling mechanism in which an organometallic reagent releases a carbon radical that a metal catalyst captures to form the carbon–metal bond.
Single-electron turnstile
A single-electron turnstile is a nanoscale electronic device that passes exactly one electron per cycle of an applied AC gate voltage, so the current I = ef is locked to the drive frequency.
Single-elimination tournament
Single-elimination (knockout) tournament: bracket format where each match's loser is eliminated. Used by NCAA March Madness (76 teams from 2027) and the FIFA World Cup knockout stage; compared with round-robin, Swiss-system, and double elimination.
Single-engine pusher aircraft
A single-engine pusher aircraft has its engine and propeller at the rear, pushing rather than pulling, a layout common in early aircraft and today's ultralights and UAVs.
Single-entity electrochemistry
Single-entity electrochemistry, first defined at a 2016 Royal Society of Chemistry Faraday Discussion, measures electrochemical signals from individual nanoparticles, proteins, vesicles, or cells rather than ensemble averages.
Single-event upset
A single-event upset is a soft error in which one energetic particle, such as a cosmic ray, flips a bit in semiconductor memory without damaging the chip.
Single-family detached home
A single-family detached home, also called a detached house, is a free-standing residence standing alone on its own lot, the dominant housing type in the United States.