All articles starting with S

Single-frequency network

A single-frequency network (SFN) is a broadcast network in which several transmitters cover an area on one frequency channel, sending the same synchronized signal so receivers treat overlaps as echoes.

Single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte

Single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SICPEs) are solid polymer electrolytes in which anions are immobilized, giving a cation transference number near 1, pursued mainly for solid-state lithium-metal batteries.

Single-issue politics

Single-issue politics: voting, lobbies, or parties organized around one policy question, grounded in Converse's issue-publics concept, single-issue parties like the Prohibition Party, and measured issue salience in elections.

Single-lens reflex camera

A single-lens reflex (SLR) camera is a camera that lets the photographer view, focus, and expose through one lens using a movable mirror, eliminating parallax error.

Single-level cell

Single-level cell (SLC) is a NAND flash memory technology that stores one bit per cell, delivering the highest endurance and performance among NAND types at the highest cost per bit.

Single-line diagram

A single-line diagram, also called a one-line diagram, is a simplified drawing of an electrical power system that shows power flow with single lines and standard symbols.

Single-member district

Single-member district: an electoral district electing exactly one legislator, usually by plurality. Used by the US, UK, Canada; promotes two-party politics but disproportionality and gerrymandering.

Single-minute exchange of die

The single-minute exchange of die (SMED) is a lean manufacturing setup-reduction method developed by Shigeo Shingo at Toyota that aims to cut machine changeover times below ten minutes.

Single-mode optical fiber

Single-mode optical fiber, also called monomode fiber or SMF, is an optical fiber that guides only one propagation mode, using it for long-haul, high-data-rate communications.

Single-molecule AFM with CO-functionalized tips

Single-molecule AFM with CO-functionalized tips is a form of atomic force microscopy, introduced at IBM Zurich in 2009, that images individual atoms and chemical bonds within one molecule.

Single-molecule diode

A single-molecule diode is an electronic device in which a single molecule between two electrodes allows current in one bias direction and largely blocks it in the reverse direction.

Single-molecule DNA dynamics in extensional flow

Single-molecule DNA dynamics in extensional flow is the study of how individual DNA molecules stretch and relax in flows that pull fluid apart, observed by fluorescence microscopy.

Single-molecule electronics

Single-molecule electronics is a subfield of nanoelectronics in which electronic components are individual molecules wired between electrodes, studied since Aviram and Ratner proposed a molecular rectifier in 1974.

Single-molecule electrophysiology

Single-molecule electrophysiology detects individual molecules and their motion by measuring ionic current modulation through a nanoscale pore, and includes the SPRNT method, which tracks enzymes with picometer resolution.

Single-molecule experiment

A single-molecule experiment is a laboratory measurement of one individual molecule rather than an ensemble average, using techniques like optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers, atomic force microscopy, and single-molecule FRET.

Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization

Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a molecular biology method that counts individual RNA molecules in fixed cells using many short fluorescent probes, making each transcript a visible spot.

Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy

Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy is a set of light-microscopy techniques that detect and analyze the fluorescence of individual molecules, enabling live-cell imaging, super-resolution methods like PALM and STORM, and single-particle catalysis studies.

Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy

Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy (SMFS) is a set of optical techniques that detect light from individual fluorescent molecules, revealing distributions and rare events hidden by ensemble averages.

Single-molecule force spectroscopy

Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) is a set of techniques that apply controlled mechanical force to individual molecules, probing their unfolding, extension, and bond rupture with piconewton and nanometer resolution.

Single-molecule FRET

Single-molecule FRET (SmFRET) is a biophysical technique measuring energy transfer between two dyes on a single biomolecule, revealing nanometer distances and conformational dynamics without ensemble averaging.

Single-molecule light-emitting diode

A single-molecule light-emitting diode (SM-LED) is a device in which a single molecule between two electrodes emits light as current passes, the molecular-scale limit of the OLED.

Single-molecule localization microscopy

Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is a family of fluorescence imaging techniques that surpass the diffraction limit by localizing individual molecules, with founding methods PALM, STORM, and FPALM published in 2006.

Single-molecule magnet

A single-molecule magnet (SMM) is an individual molecule that keeps its magnetization below a blocking temperature, a property first seen in the manganese complex Mn12 and later pushed to 80 K in dysprosium compounds.

Single-molecule nuclear magnetic resonance

Single-molecule nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detects NMR spectra from a single molecule or nanoscale ensemble instead of macroscopic samples, using diamond NV centers and magnetic resonance force microscopy.

Single-molecule transistor

A single-molecule transistor is a three-terminal electronic device whose conducting channel is a single molecule bridging source and drain electrodes, with a gate controlling the current.

Single-molecule/single-particle electrocatalysis by fluorescence microscopy

Single-molecule/single-particle electrocatalysis by fluorescence microscopy is an experimental approach using fluorogenic reporter reactions to image electrocatalysis on individual nanoparticles, revealing activity heterogeneity that ensemble measurements average away.