All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Sodium-ion battery anode
The sodium-ion battery anode is the negative electrode of a sodium-ion battery, storing sodium ions during charging; hard carbon is the standard material, with alloying alternatives like antimony and phosphorus.
Sodium-vapor lamp
The Sodium-vapor lamp (sodium lamp) is an arc discharge lamp used for street lighting. Low-pressure types are nearly monochromatic yellow with high efficacy, whereas high-pressure versions offer golden-white color.
Sodium–potassium pump
Sodium–potassium pump (Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase, NKA): P-type ATPase in animal cell membranes that hydrolyzes one ATP to export 3 Na⁺ and import 2 K⁺, maintaining ion gradients; discovered by Jens Skou in 1957, Nobel Prize 1997; inhibited by ouabain and digitalis.
Sodium–sulfur battery
The sodium–sulfur battery (NaS battery) is a rechargeable battery with molten sodium and sulfur electrodes separated by a ceramic electrolyte, commercialized by NGK and TEPCO in 2002.
Sodium:alanine symporter
Sodium:alanine symporter (AgcS family, PF01235, TC 2.A.25): bacterial/archaeal secondary transporter coupling alanine or glycine uptake to Na+ influx; 11-helix LeuT fold; M. maripaludis AgcS structures 6CSE/6CSF show occluded state and substrate selectivity.
Sodium/bile acid cotransporter
Sodium/bile acid cotransporters (SLC10 family; NTCP/SLC10A1, ASBT/SLC10A2, SOAT/SLC10A6) are sodium-dependent membrane transporters of bile acids, steroid sulfates, drugs, and thyroid hormones; NTCP is also the HBV/HDV entry receptor.
Sodium/pantothenate symporter
Sodium/pantothenate symporter (PanF), the E. coli pantothenate permease, a sodium-coupled SSS-family (TC 2.A.21) secondary transporter importing vitamin B5 with Kt 0.4 μM; distinct from mammalian SMVT (SLC5A6).
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma
FXYD2, the gamma (γ) subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase, is a single-pass FXYD-family membrane protein that modulates the sodium pump's Na+, K+, and ATP affinities; it is encoded by one gene, expressed mainly in the kidney, and its loss in mice impairs reproduction but not renal function.
Sodo
Sodo (Wolaita Sodo) is a city in southern Ethiopia, capital of Wolaita Zone and the South Ethiopia regional state, about 330 km south of Addis Ababa; founded as a Menelik II military center, a six-route transport hub with rapid urban growth.
Sodobnost
Sodobnost is a Slovenian literary and cultural magazine founded in 1933 and considered the oldest Slovene magazine for literature, publishing poetry, essays, and reviews from Ljubljana.
Sodom (band)
Sodom is a German thrash metal band from Gelsenkirchen formed in 1982 (some sources say 1981), led by constant member Tom Angelripper; part of the Teutonic Big Four, known for Agent Orange and early black metal influence.
Sodom and Gomorrah
Sodom and Gomorrah are two cities of the Plain that Genesis says were destroyed by brimstone and fire from heaven for their wickedness, with only Lot and his family escaping.
Sodomy
Sodomy, from Latin peccatum Sodomiticum, is a legal term for anal and oral intercourse historically criminalized; criminalized from Justinian's 538 novella and the 1120 canons of Nablus, spread by British colonialism, and struck down in the US by Lawrence v. Texas (2003).
Sodomy law
Sodomy laws criminalize sexual acts deemed unnatural, historically anal and oral sex, also called buggery or crimes against nature. Originating in English law (Buggery Act 1533) and spread by colonial penal codes, they remain in about 63 UN member states; Lawrence v. Texas ended them in the US in 2003.
Sodomy laws in the United States
Sodomy laws in the United States: state statutes criminalizing oral and anal sex, universal until Illinois's 1961 repeal, upheld in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), invalidated by Lawrence v. Texas (2003), with 12 dormant statutes remaining as of 2023.
Sodor (fictional island)
Sodor is the fictional Irish Sea island between the Isle of Man and Barrow-in-Furness, created by Rev. W. Awdry for The Railway Series; also called the Island of Sodor, setting of Thomas the Tank Engine, with its own map, history, and Sudric language.
Södra Cell
Södra Cell is the pulp-producing business area of the Swedish forest industry group Södra, with mills at Värö, Mörrum, and Mönsterås, and a significant producer of biofuels and green electricity.
Soekarno–Hatta International Airport
Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, also known as Bandara Internasional Soekarno-Hatta, is Indonesia's main international gateway, located in Tangerang, Banten, near Jakarta and named for Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta.
Soela
Soela was a Surinamese literary magazine published in Paramaribo from 1962 to 1964, serving as the main platform for the first generation of modern Surinamese writers.
SOEM
SOEM, or Simple Open EtherCAT Master, is an open-source C library implementing an EtherCAT master for real-time industrial communication, designed for embedded systems and widely used in robotics via ROS.
Soen
Soen (ソーエン) is a Swedish progressive metal band formed in 2004 by ex-Opeth drummer Martin Lopez; with vocalist Joel Ekelöf it released Cognitive (2012) through Reliance (2026, Silver Lining).
Soenda Festival
Soenda Festival is an annual one-day techno and house music festival in Utrecht, the Netherlands, first held in 2009 and organized by Elevation Events, drawing about 20,000 visitors each spring.
Sof1-like protein
Sof1-like protein (IPR007287, Pfam PF04158) is a conserved eukaryotic protein domain named after yeast SOF1, an essential nucleolar U3 snoRNA-associated factor required for 40S ribosomal subunit biogenesis; orthologs include human DCAF13, distinct from mouse sperm SOF1.
SOFA (software)
SOFA, short for Simulation Open-Framework Architecture, is an open-source C++ framework for interactive physics simulation based on the Finite Element Method, emphasizing medical simulation and robotics.
SOFA score
SOFA score (Sequential/Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment), with bedside derivative qSOFA: a 0–24 ICU score grading six organ systems 0–4 each; a rise of ≥2 points defines Sepsis-3 organ dysfunction; updated as SOFA-2 in 2025.
Sofala gold trade
The Sofala gold trade exported gold from the Zimbabwean plateau through the Swahili port of Sofala, on the Mozambican coast, from about the 10th to the 16th century.
Sofala Province
Sofala Province, central Mozambique, capital Beira; 68,018 km², ~2.8 million people, 13 districts. Historic gold port of Sofala; most cyclone-prone province, hit by Idai 2019.
Sofer (סופר)
A sofer (סופר), also called a Sopher, is a ritually qualified Jewish scribe who writes Torah scrolls, tefillin, and mezuzot under detailed halakhic rules, using kosher parchment, ink, and quills.
Soffia Guðbjörnsdóttir
Soffia Guðbjörnsdóttir, born 1962 in Reykjavik, is a Swedish diabetologist and professor of register research at the University of Gothenburg, register holder of the Swedish National Diabetes Register since 2000.
Soffit
A soffit is the finished underside of an architectural element such as an eave, arch, beam, or stair, often carrying vents that ventilate the attic.