All articles starting with S

Spanish and Portuguese intervention in Cambodia

The Spanish and Portuguese intervention in Cambodia was a series of armed expeditions in 1596–1599, led by Blas Ruiz and Diogo Veloso, ending in massacre.

Spanish Annexation of the Dominican Republic and War of the Restoration

The Spanish annexation of the Dominican Republic, proclaimed by Pedro Santana in March 1861, was reversed when the 1863 to 1865 War of the Restoration forced Spain to withdraw.

Spanish Armada

The Spanish Armada (Grande y Felicísima Armada) was Philip II of Spain's 1588 invasion fleet against Protestant England. English ships under Howard, Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher outmaneuvered it at Gravelines, and storms wrecked it on the Scottish and Irish coasts.

Spanish Armed Forces

Spanish Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Españolas): Spain's military under the 1978 Constitution, comprising the Army, Navy, and Air and Space Army, led by the EMAD chief, a NATO member since 1982, with defense spending rising toward 2% of GDP.

Spanish Army

Spanish Army (Ejército de Tierra): land branch of Spain's armed forces, headquartered at Buenavista Palace under JEME Amador Enseñat; one division with six main brigades, expanding to 127,500 active personnel by 2029, deployed from Lebanon to Latvia.

Oct 10, 2026

Spanish banking crisis (1977–1981)

The Spanish banking crisis of 1977–1981 was a wave of solvency failures among Spanish private banks, affecting 51 to 63 of the 110 banks operating in 1977.

Spanish capture of Algiers (1510)

The Spanish capture of Algiers (احتلال الجزائر العاصمة) was Spain's 1510 seizure of an islet off Algiers, where Count Pedro Navarro built the Penon fortress.

Spanish capture of Béjaïa

The Spanish capture of Béjaïa was Spain's 1510 seizure of the port of Béjaïa (Bougie, Bugía) in northeastern Algeria, held until Ottoman liberation in the mid-1550s.

Spanish capture of Tripoli (1510)

The Spanish capture of Tripoli (1510) was the seizure of the city from the Hafsid dynasty by Pedro Navarro for the Crown of Aragon in July 1510.

Spanish Civil War

Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española), 1936-1939 conflict between the Republican Second Republic and Franco's Nationalists; began with the 17-18 July 1936 coup, ended 1 April 1939, about 500,000 dead, Franco dictatorship until 1975.

Spanish colonization of Alta California

Spanish colonization of Alta California was Spain's settlement of present-day California from 1769 to 1821, carried out through Franciscan missions, military presidios, and civilian pueblos.

Spanish colonization of Chiloé

Spanish colonization of Chiloé (1553–1826) was Spanish rule over the Chiloé Archipelago in southern Chile, conquered by Martín Ruiz de Gamboa in 1567 and transferred to Chile by the Treaty of Tantauco in 1826.

Spanish colonization of Hispaniola

Spanish colonization of Hispaniola, the first sustained European colonial enterprise in the Americas, began with Columbus's 1492 landfall and set the template, including the encomienda system, for Spanish conquest of the Americas.

Spanish colonization of the Americas

Spanish colonization of the Americas: the Spanish Empire's colonies from 1492 across the Caribbean, Mexico, Central and South America. Key features: encomienda, repartimiento, and mita labor systems, Council of the Indies rule, Potosí silver, Las Casas's reform campaigns, and the black legend.

Spanish conquest of Chiapas

The Spanish conquest of Chiapas was the piecemeal subjugation of the present Mexican state of Chiapas from 1522 to about 1550, carried out by separate expeditions beginning with Gonzalo de Sandoval.

Spanish conquest of Costa Rica

The Spanish conquest of Costa Rica was Spain's sixteenth-century colonization of present-day Costa Rica, beginning with Columbus's 1502 landfall and consolidated after 1561 by Juan Vázquez de Coronado.

Spanish conquest of Cuba

The Spanish conquest of Cuba (Conquista de Cuba) was the Spanish campaign of 1511 to 1514, led by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, that took Cuba from its Taino inhabitants.

Spanish conquest of El Salvador

The Spanish conquest of El Salvador was the 16th-century campaign in which Spain subdued the Pipil kingdoms of Cuscatlán and Izalcos, beginning with Pedro de Alvarado's 1524 invasion.

Spanish conquest of Honduras

The Spanish conquest of Honduras (Conquista de Honduras) was the Spanish campaign that took control of Honduras, beginning in 1524 and drawing Hernán Cortés on an overland march from Mexico.

Spanish conquest of Jamaica

The Spanish conquest of Jamaica was Spain's seizure of the island from its Taíno inhabitants in 1509–1511, led by first governor Juan de Esquivel under Diego Colón.

Spanish conquest of Manila

The Spanish conquest of Manila was the capture of the fortified Muslim settlement of Maynila by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi's forces in 1571, after fighting in 1570.

Spanish conquest of Nicaragua

The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua was the 16th-century process by which Spanish expeditions from Panama, Mexico, and the Caribbean claimed and colonized present-day Nicaragua, beginning in 1522.

Spanish conquest of Oaxaca

The Spanish conquest of Oaxaca was the campaign by which Spain, with thousands of Indigenous allies, brought the kingdoms of Oaxaca, Mexico, under its rule after 1519.

Spanish conquest of Oran

The Spanish conquest of Oran was Spain's capture of the Algerian port city of Oran in May 1509, led by Cardinal Cisneros and Count Pedro Navarro.

Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521): Hernán Cortés's campaign, with Tlaxcalan and other indigenous allies, that took Tenochtitlan on 13 August 1521, captured Cuauhtémoc, and ended Mexica Triple Alliance rule.

Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu): Francisco Pizarro's 1531-1532 expedition captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca on 16 November 1532, exploited the Inca civil war and smallpox epidemic, executed the ruler in 1533, and extinguished independent Inca resistance at Vilcabamba in 1572.