All articles starting with T
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Topical chemotherapy
Topical chemotherapy is the application of cytotoxic drugs such as 5-fluorouracil directly onto a tumor surface, treating actinic keratoses and superficial skin cancers while sparing the body.
Topical corticosteroid therapy
Topical corticosteroid therapy is the application of corticosteroid medications to the skin to treat dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and lichen planus, with agents ranging from hydrocortisone to superpotent clobetasol.
Topical medication
Topical medication: drugs applied to the skin or mucosa for local action, distinct from transdermal patches that deliver drugs systemically; governed by stratum corneum barrier, 500 Da cutoff, Fick's law diffusion.
Topical steroid
Topical steroid (topical corticosteroid): anti-inflammatory skin medicine, first used as hydrocortisone in 1952, sold in seven potency classes from hydrocortisone to clobetasol propionate, dosed in fingertip units, with skin atrophy and adrenal suppression as main risks of misuse.
Topical steroid withdrawal
Topical steroid withdrawal (TSW), or red skin syndrome, is burning, itching, and erythema after stopping medium- to high-potency topical corticosteroids used for months; most common in adult women, with proposed NAD+ excess mechanism and emerging diagnostic criteria.
Topical treatment of atopic dermatitis
Topical treatment of atopic dermatitis is the use of emollients, topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and newer creams applied to the skin to control inflammation and itching.
Topicity
Topicity is the stereochemical classification of like atoms, groups, or faces in a molecule as homotopic, enantiotopic, or diastereotopic by a substitution test, predicting identical or distinct behavior in reactions and NMR spectroscopy.
Topiramate
Topiramate (Topamax) is a sulfamate-derived broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug approved for partial-onset and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and migraine prevention, acting via sodium channel, GABA-A, AMPA/kainate, and carbonic anhydrase mechanisms.
TopJi Pharma (Tuoji Pharma)
Phrontline Biopharma (拓济医药), also called TopJi Pharma, is a clinical-stage Chinese biotechnology company founded in Suzhou in 2022 that develops bispecific antibody-drug conjugates for cancer.
Topkapi
Topkapi (1964) is Jules Dassin's comedy-heist film, adapted from Eric Ambler's The Light of Day, about thieves stealing an emerald dagger from Istanbul's Topkapi Palace; Peter Ustinov won a Best Supporting Actor Oscar.
Topkapi Dagger
The Topkapi Dagger is a jeweled 18th-century Ottoman ceremonial dagger made in 1746 for Sultan Mahmud I's gift to Nadir Shah of Iran, now displayed in Topkapi Palace's treasury.
Topkapi Palace
Topkapi Palace (Topkapı Sarayı) in Istanbul was the Ottoman sultans' residence and seat of government from 1478 until 1856, and has been a museum since 1924.
Topkapı Palace
Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı), known as the New Palace until the 19th century, was the Ottoman sultans' Istanbul residence and administrative center from shortly after 1453 until 1856.
Topkhana
Topkhana (توپخانہ) was the artillery department of the Mughal Empire, headed by the Mir Atish, which maintained cannons, rockets, and mines and declined with the empire's other institutions.
Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia
Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia (34591/19 and 42545/19) is a 2021 ECtHR Second Section judgment on voting accessibility for two voters with muscular dystrophy, finding an Article 13 remedy violation but no discrimination.
Toplessness
Toplessness is the state of not covering the torso, especially female breast exposure in public or media. Covers etymology (1580–90), historical cultural norms from Egypt, Greece, and India, and US law: 34 states permit, 3 prohibit, courts mostly uphold female-only bans.
Toplica Uprising
The Toplica Uprising (Serbian: Топлички устанак) was a mass Serbian rebellion against Bulgarian occupation of southern Serbia in early 1917, during the First World War.
Toploader
Toploader: English rock band from Eastbourne formed 1997, known for the cover 'Dancing in the Moonlight' (No. 7 UK, one billion Spotify streams) and the triple-platinum debut album Onka's Big Moka (UK No. 4); split 2003, returned with Only Human in 2011.
Toplumcu gerçekçilik
Toplumcu gerçekçilik, or socialist realism, is a Marxist literary and artistic method made official Soviet doctrine in 1934 and strong in Turkish literature from the 1930s to the 1980s.
Toplumcu roman
The toplumcu roman (socialist realist novel), also called toplumcu gerçekçilik, is the Turkish novel written in the socialist realist manner, dominant from the Meşrutiyet period until roughly the 1980s.
Toplumsal gerçekçi şiir
Toplumsal gerçekçi şiir is social realist poetry, a current of Turkish poetry treating workers and class relations from a Marxist standpoint, begun by Nâzım Hikmet.
TOPMODEL
TOPMODEL, a physically based semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model proposed by Keith Beven and Mike Kirkby in 1979, predicts streamflow using a topographic index and remains widely used in hydrology.
Topo Chico
Topo Chico is a carbonated mineral water bottled since 1895 at the Cerro del Topo Chico spring in Monterrey, Mexico, prized for its unusually strong carbonation.
Topo Gigio
Topo Gigio, Italian puppet mouse created by Maria Perego, debuted on RAI in 1959 with Domenico Modugno's voice and Peppino Mazzullo as its historic voice; famous on The Ed Sullivan Show and revived at Sanremo 2025.
Topochemical polymerization
Topochemical polymerization is a solvent-free solid-state polymerization in which monomers pre-organized in a crystal lattice react in place, so the packing dictates the polymer's architecture.
Topographic isolation
Topographic isolation measures a summit's distance to the nearest point of equal or higher elevation, complementing elevation and prominence; computed globally from DEMs by Kirmse and de Ferranti and accelerated by sweep-plane algorithms.
Topographic map
A topographic map shows the shape and elevation of terrain through contour lines, and in the United States is closely associated with the USGS, mapping since 1879.
Topographic mapping
Topographic mapping represents the three-dimensional shape of the land surface, most commonly with contour lines connecting points of equal elevation above a reference surface, usually mean sea level.
Topographic prominence
Topographic prominence, also called relative height or autonomous height, measures a summit's independence: how far it rises above the lowest col on the highest ridge to higher ground.
Topographic wetness index
The topographic wetness index (TWI) is a terrain-derived quantity, ln(a/tanβ), combining upslope contributing area and slope, developed by Keith Beven and M. J. Kirkby in 1979.