All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
Social structure
Social structure: the stable arrangement of statuses, roles, groups, networks, and institutions organizing a society. Covers Durkheim's solidarity, Marx's base and superstructure, Weber's class, status, and power, and functionalist versus relational conceptions.
Social structure of China
Social structure of China (中国社会结构): the organized pattern of families, classes, urban-rural groups, and institutions in Chinese society, marked by shrinking households, hukou-based urban-rural division, a pyramid-shaped stratum structure, rapid urbanization, and population aging.
Social studies
Social studies is school education studying individuals, communities, systems, and their interactions across time and place to prepare students for civic life, spanning history, geography, economics, civics, and the social sciences, formally named in 1916 and internationally assessed by IEA's ICCS.
Social studies of science
Social Studies of Science (Soc Stud Sci) is a bimonthly Sage peer-reviewed STS journal, founded 1971 as Science Studies by David Edge and Roy MacLeod, renamed 1975, ISSN 0306-3127.
Social support
Social support: the provision of psychological and material resources by a social network to help cope with stress (Cohen). Covers emotional, instrumental, informational, and appraisal types, stress buffering, and intervention evidence.
Social system
Social system: the ordered arrangement of roles, institutions, and communications analyzed as a whole, central to Parsons' structural functionalism and Luhmann's autopoietic systems theory.
Social theory
Social theory is the systematic body of ideas, concepts, and explanatory speculations about how human societies form, change, and disappear. Covering classical traditions (Marx, Weber, Durkheim), functionalism, conflict theory, and dialogic approaches, it differs from sociological description by demanding abstraction and explanation.
Social vespidae colony biology
Social vespidae colony biology is the study of colony organization in the wasp family Vespidae, which spans solitary species to eusocial colonies with distinct queens and workers.
Social welfare function
A social welfare function (SWF) is an economics rule that aggregates individual utilities or incomes into one ranking of social outcomes, originating with Bergson and Samuelson in 1938.
Social withdrawal
Social withdrawal is retreat from relationships and social interactions, an ICD-11 symptom code (MB23.Q) and DSM-5 Detachment facet, ranging from shyness to hikikomori, and linked to schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety.
Social work
Social work is a practice-based profession and academic discipline promoting social change, social justice, human rights, and wellbeing. Known internationally through the IFSW 2014 global definition, it arose from 19th-century charity and settlement movements, with clinical licensure, NASW ethics codes, and about 728,600 US workers in 2022.
Social-GAN
Social-GAN is a deep learning model combining a GAN with LSTMs to predict multiple socially plausible pedestrian paths, published by Gupta and colleagues at CVPR in 2018.
Social-LSTM
Social-LSTM is a recurrent neural network architecture for predicting pedestrian trajectories in crowded spaces, introduced at CVPR 2016, assigning each person an LSTM linked through a Social pooling layer.
Social-National Assembly
Social-National Assembly (Соціал-Національна Асамблея), Ukrainian neo-Nazi coalition founded by Andriy Biletsky in 2008; paramilitary wing Patriot of Ukraine; created Right Sector in 2013 and became the Azov movement and National Corps party.
Socialism
Socialism: political and economic tradition advocating community or social ownership of the means of production. Varieties include utopian, scientific (Marxist), state, and market socialism; defined against capitalism and statism, and central to the Mises-Lange calculation debate.
Socialism in Australia
Socialism in Australia is the history of socialist ideas and movements, absorbed inside and outside the Labor Party from the 1890s, including the 1921 socialization objective.
Socialism in India
Socialism in India: democratic-socialist movement and state ideology between communalism and communism, led by Nehru and the Congress Socialist Party (1934), expressed in the Planning Commission mixed economy, weakened after 1991 liberalization.
Socialism in Israel
Socialism in Israel: the Labor Zionist tradition behind Mapai, the Histadrut, and the kibbutzim, which dominated Israel's politics and three-sector economy from 1948 until privatization and rising inequality transformed it.
Socialism in New Zealand
Socialism in New Zealand is the history of socialist movements and parties, pursued through Parliament and arbitration, culminating in the First Labour Government's welfare state of 1935 to 1949.
Socialism in one country (Социализм в одной стране)
Socialism in one country (Социализм в одной стране): Stalin's 1924 theory that the USSR could build socialism without world revolution, opposed to Trotsky's permanent revolution, debated by Zinoviev in 1925–26 and adopted as Soviet state policy in 1926.
Socialism of the 21st century
Socialism of the 21st century (socialismo del siglo XXI) is a Latin American socialist model launched by Hugo Chávez in 2005, centered on participatory democracy and communal economy in Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador, and distinct from twentieth-century state planning socialism.
Socialism with a human face
Slogan for Alexander Dubček's 1968 reform program in Czechoslovakia (socialismus s lidskou tváří), the Prague Spring: democratization, free speech, and economic liberalization within socialism, ended by the Warsaw Pact invasion of August 20-21, 1968, and revived by Gorbachev in 1989.
Socialism with Chinese characteristics (中国特色社会主义)
Socialism with Chinese characteristics (中国特色社会主义) is the CPC's official ideology, introduced by Deng Xiaoping with the 1978 reform and opening up, combining socialist principles with a socialist market economy, public ownership alongside private enterprise, and Party leadership as its defining feature.
Socialist Alternative (Australia)
Socialist Alternative (SAlt, SA) is an Australian revolutionary Marxist organisation founded in 1995 from a split in the International Socialist Organisation, in the Tony Cliff tradition; it publishes Red Flag and Marxist Left Review and leads Victorian Socialists.
Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo
The Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo was an autonomous province within Socialist Serbia and the Yugoslav federation that held near-republic status under the 1974 constitution until 1989.
Socialist Campaign Group
The Socialist Campaign Group is a caucus of left-wing Labour MPs in the House of Commons, founded by Tony Benn after the 1981 deputy leadership contest.
Socialist Competition
Socialist Competition (Социалистическое соревнование) was the organized rivalry of Soviet workers, brigades, and enterprises to fulfill and exceed plan targets, institutionalized by a Central Committee decree of 9 May 1929.
Socialist Destourian Party
The Socialist Destourian Party (Parti socialiste destourien, PSD) was Tunisia's sole legal ruling party from 1964 until it was renamed the RCD under Ben Ali in 1988.
Socialist economics
Socialist economics studies economies with social ownership of the means of production and planning; covers the socialist calculation debate (Mises, Hayek, Lange) and modern socialist market economies such as China, Vietnam, and Cuba.
Socialist Education Movement
The Socialist Education Movement (社会主义教育运动) was a Chinese Communist Party ideological campaign of 1963 to 1965, known in its rural form as the Four Cleanups.