All articles A–Z

Solution casting

Solution casting is a film-fabrication method where a polymer dissolved in a volatile solvent is spread onto a substrate and dried, leaving a solid thin film or membrane.

Solution combustion synthesis

Solution combustion synthesis is a chemistry method that prepares oxide, metal, and alloy powders by igniting a metal salt and organic fuel solution, using its own exothermic heat.

Solution heat treatment

Solution heat treatment is a heat treatment that heats an alloy to dissolve phases into solid solution, then rapidly cools it to leave a supersaturated structure.

Solution polymerization

Solution polymerization is a polymerization method in which monomer and initiator are dissolved in a solvent that absorbs reaction heat and lowers viscosity, used for tire rubbers and coatings.

Solution precursor plasma spray

Solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) is a thermal spray coating method that injects a liquid chemical solution into a plasma jet, producing fine-grained, porous ceramic coatings.

Oct 22, 2026

Solution processing of perovskite solar cells

Solution processing of perovskite solar cells is the fabrication of perovskite films by depositing dissolved precursors and crystallizing them at low temperature, enabling printing and roll-to-roll production.

Solution scattering

Solution scattering is a structural characterization method using small-angle X-ray or neutron scattering (SAXS, SANS) to determine the size, shape, and assembly of macromolecules in near-native solution, without crystallization.

Solution styrene-butadiene rubber

Solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR), also called solution-polymerized SBR, is a synthetic rubber copolymerized from styrene and butadiene in an organic solvent, used mainly in tire treads.

Solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids

Solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) is a supercritical antisolvent technique, introduced in 1999, that sprays a drug solution with supercritical carbon dioxide through a coaxial nozzle to form fine particles.

Solution-focused brief therapy

Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) is a brief psychotherapy that builds solutions from clients' strengths and future goals rather than analyzing problems, typically in about five sessions.

Oct 22, 2026

Solution-processed oxide thin-film transistor

A solution-processed oxide transistor is a thin-film transistor whose metal oxide channel is deposited from liquid precursors by coating or printing rather than vacuum deposition.

Oct 22, 2026

Solution-processed thermoelectrics

Solution-processed thermoelectrics are thermoelectric materials synthesized or deposited from a liquid phase, such as a nanoparticle dispersion, polymer solution, or printable ink, rather than by conventional high-temperature solid-state methods.

Solutional cave

Solutional cave (solution cave, karst cave): natural cavity formed when carbonic or sulfuric acid water dissolves limestone, dolomite, marble, gypsum, or halite along joints and bedding; Mammoth Cave exceeds 400 miles.

Solutrean

Upper Paleolithic culture of southwestern Europe (c. 26,500–23,000 years ago), named after Solutré, France; defined by flat, bifacially retouched leaf-shaped points and linked to the Last Glacial Maximum.

SOLV Energy

SOLV Energy is a San Diego-based company providing engineering, procurement, and construction and operations services for utility-scale solar and battery storage projects across the United States.

Solvable group

A solvable group, also called a soluble group, is a group built up from abelian groups by a finite chain of extensions, central to Galois theory.

Solvang, California

Solvang, California: a Santa Ynez Valley city in Santa Barbara County founded in 1911 by Danish immigrants, known for Danish-style architecture and about 1 million annual visitors; incorporated 1985, population about 6,000.

Solvated electron

A solvated electron is a free electron stabilized by solvent molecules, the smallest possible anion, seen in blue alkali-metal solutions in liquid ammonia and as the hydrated electron in water.

Solvation

Solvation is any stabilizing interaction between a solute and a solvent, involving electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonding, with solvent molecules forming a solvation shell around the solute.

Solvation dynamics

Solvation dynamics is the time-dependent response of a solvent, usually a polar liquid, to a change in a solute's charge distribution, observed as the time-dependent Stokes shift of fluorescence after ultrashort excitation.

Solvation free energy

Solvation free energy is the Gibbs free-energy change when a solute passes from the gas phase into a solvent; in water it is called the hydration free energy.

Solvation model

A solvation model is a computational chemistry method representing how a solvent affects a solute's energies and properties, via implicit continuum or explicit molecular models.

Solvation number

The solvation number of an ion is the number of solvent molecules tightly bound to it in solution, called the hydration number in water, and it varies with the measuring method.

Solvation shell

A solvation shell is the layer of solvent molecules that surrounds a dissolved ion or molecule, called the hydration shell in water; it affects ion mobility and protein function.

Solvatochromism

Solvatochromism is the pronounced shift in a compound's absorption or emission band when solvent polarity changes, used to measure solvent polarity and probe membranes and proteins.

Solvay

Solvay is a Belgian chemical company in Brussels, founded in 1863 by Ernest Solvay and his brother Alfred; after spinning off Syensqo in 2023 it focuses on soda ash, peroxides, and silica.

Solvay Conference

The Solvay Conference, also known as the Solvay Congress, is a series of invitation-only scientific conferences on physics and chemistry held in Brussels since 1911.

Oct 20, 2026

Solvay Mountains

The Solvay Mountains are a mountain group in southern Brabant Island, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica, rising to 1,590 m at Cook Summit and named for expedition patron Ernest Solvay.

Solvay process

The Solvay process, also called the ammonia-soda process, is an industrial method for making sodium carbonate from salt and limestone, developed by Ernest Solvay in 1861.