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Stochastic model predictive control
Stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) is a family of model predictive control strategies for systems with stochastic uncertainty, using chance constraints that must hold only with a prescribed probability.
Stochastic neighbor embedding
Stochastic neighbor embedding (SNE) is a nonlinear probabilistic method for dimension reduction, introduced by Geoffrey Hinton and Sam Roweis at NIPS in 2002; its 2008 variant t-SNE is much more widely used.
Stochastic neural network
A stochastic neural network is a neural network in which units, weights, or connections are random variables, serving generative modeling, uncertainty estimation, and regularization; examples include Boltzmann machines and variational autoencoders.
Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) is a fluorescence microscopy technique that bypasses the diffraction limit, introduced in 2006 by Xiaowei Zhuang's group at Harvard University.
Stochastic orders of dependence
Stochastic orders of dependence are mathematical orderings that rank probability distributions by dependence strength, with the concordance ordering, formalized by Harry Joe in 1990, as the central example.
Stochastic partial differential equation
A stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) is a PDE perturbed by random forcing or coefficients, describing systems driven by noise, from growing interfaces and turbulent fluids to climate models.
Stochastic process
A stochastic process, also called a random process, is a family of random variables indexed by time that describes a system evolving under random influences.
Stochastic programming
Stochastic programming is a mathematical optimization framework for decision-making under uncertainty, optimizing an expected outcome or risk measure when some model parameters are random variables with known probability distributions.
Stochastic Schrödinger equation
A stochastic Schrödinger equation (SSE) describes a pure quantum state evolving stochastically, with the average over trajectories reproducing a Lindblad master equation; it arose in the early 1990s.
Stochastic self-consistent harmonic approximation
The stochastic self-consistent harmonic approximation (SSCHA) is a non-perturbative method for crystal lattice dynamics that treats anharmonicity with quantum and thermal nuclear fluctuations, introduced in 2014.
Stochastic simulation
Stochastic simulation is a computational method that generates random sample paths of a system and estimates expectations from the outputs, used when quantities are mathematically intractable.
Stochastic subspace identification
Stochastic subspace identification (SSI) is a family of time-domain system identification algorithms that estimate a state-space model from output-only vibration data, without measuring excitation, and is widely used for operational modal analysis.
Stochastic thermodynamics
Stochastic thermodynamics is a framework of nonequilibrium statistical physics that extends work, heat, and entropy production to individual fluctuating trajectories of small nanoscale systems, yielding fluctuation theorems like the Jarzynski equality.
Stochastic volatility
Stochastic volatility describes option-pricing and time-series models in which an asset's volatility is itself a random process, unlike the constant volatility assumed in the Black–Scholes framework.
Stock
A stock, also called a share or equity, is a security representing ownership in a corporation; shareholders can vote on corporate decisions and receive dividends.
Stock (food)
Stock (food): savory liquid from simmering bones, meat, fish, or vegetables; a fond de cuisine base for soups, sauces, and braises; distinguished from broth and bone broth by bones, unseasoned use, and gelatin body.
Stock 2
Stock 2, known to amateur observers as the Muscleman Cluster, is a rich open star cluster on the Perseus–Cassiopeia border, 2 degrees north of the Double Cluster.
Stock Aitken Waterman
Stock Aitken Waterman (SAW), the English songwriting and production trio of Mike Stock, Matt Aitken, and Pete Waterman, dominated UK pop from 1984 to 1993 with over 100 Top 40 hits, 13 number ones, and stars Kylie Minogue, Rick Astley, and Jason Donovan.
Stock and flow
Stock and flow are economic measures: a stock is a quantity at a point in time, such as wealth, while a flow is a change over time, such as income.
Stock assessment
A stock assessment is a fisheries science method that estimates a fish population's abundance, biomass, and harvest status by fitting population models to catch and survey data.
Stock car racing
Stock car racing: oval-track motorsport with passenger-car-looking race cars, led in the US by NASCAR (founded 1948 by Bill France Sr. in Daytona Beach). Key series: Cup Series, ARCA; classes include late models and modifieds.
Stock character
Stock character: a one-dimensional, instantly recognizable fictional type in literature, theater, and film, from Aristophanes and Theophrastus to commedia dell'arte masks, pantomime, copyright law, and gender-stereotype criticism.
Stock exchange
A stock exchange is a regulated marketplace where the securities of listed companies are traded under standardized rules, combining price discovery, listing admission, and market surveillance.
Stock footage
Stock footage, also called file footage or stock video, is pre-recorded video licensed for reuse in productions when a shot would be too expensive, impractical, or impossible to film.
Stock market
The stock market, also called the share market or equity market, is where shares of publicly traded companies are bought and sold, providing liquidity and pricing capital.
Stock market crash
A stock market crash is a sudden, steep fall in share prices, typically 20 percent or more; the largest one-day drop came in October 1987.
Stock market crashes in India
Stock market crashes in India are sharp falls in the Sensex or Nifty 50, driven by fraud, foreign-investor reversals, or global shocks, from 1992 to 2020.
Stock market index
A stock market index, also called a stock index or equity index, is a calculated number tracking the combined price performance of a selected basket of stocks under published rules.
Stock market prediction
Stock market prediction, also known as stock forecasting, is the attempt to forecast future stock prices or returns using past prices, valuation ratios, interest rates, or other data.
Stock photography
Stock photography: licensing pre-made images to advertising, publishing and design customers. Models include royalty-free, rights-managed, and editorial-only; major agencies include Getty Images (founded 1995), Shutterstock and Adobe Stock, now reshaped by generative AI competition.