All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
Superovulation
Superovulation (multiple ovulation induction, ovarian hyperstimulation) is hormone treatment, mainly FSH or equine chorionic gonadotropin, making a female ovulate many eggs; used in livestock embryo transfer and human IVF, first described by Pincus in 1940.
SuperOx
SuperOx (ЗАО «СуперОкс») is a Russian manufacturer of second-generation high-temperature superconducting wire, founded in Moscow in 2006, which supplies HTS tape to fusion projects including Commonwealth Fusion Systems.
Superoxide
Superoxide, also written O₂•⁻, is the radical anion of oxygen formed when a single electron is added to molecular oxygen, occurring in salts like potassium superoxide and in cells.
Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), metalloenzyme family converting superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide; discovered 1969 by McCord and Fridovich in erythrocuprein; isoforms CuZnSOD, MnSOD, EC-SOD.
Superoxide dismutase, Nickel-type
Nickel-type superoxide dismutase (NiSOD, sodN) is a nickel-cofactored bacterial enzyme, discovered in Streptomyces in 1996, that detoxifies superoxide via a Ni(III)/Ni(II) nickel-hook active site, mainly in marine cyanobacteria and actinomycetes.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are nanoscale iron oxide crystals, usually magnetite or maghemite, coated for biocompatibility and used as MRI contrast agents, drug carriers, and heat mediators in magnetic hyperthermia.
Superparamagnetic limit
The superparamagnetic limit is the maximum data density of magnetic storage, reached when grains shrink so small that thermal fluctuations spontaneously flip bits and erase data.
Superparamagnetism
Superparamagnetism is the magnetic behavior of small single-domain nanoparticles whose magnetization is flipped by thermal energy, giving strong magnetization in a field but no hysteresis.
SuperPark Vantaa
SuperPark Vantaa is a Finnish indoor activity park in Tammisto, Vantaa, opened January 2015 as the chain's third park. Over 7,000 m² with Freestyle Hall, Game Arena, and Adventure Area, timed wristband admission, owned by SP Capital since 2020.
Superpave
Superpave (Superior Performing Asphalt Pavements) is a system for specifying asphalt materials and designing hot mix asphalt pavements, developed under the Strategic Highway Research Program and released in 1994.
Superpermutation
A superpermutation is a string over n symbols that contains every one of the n! permutations as a contiguous substring; the minimum length remains open for n at least 6.
Superphénix
Superphénix was a 1,200 MWe sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor at Creys-Malville, France, the world's first commercial-scale fast breeder, which operated from 1985 until its shutdown in 1998.
Superphosphate
Superphosphate is a phosphate fertilizer made by treating phosphate rock or bone with sulfuric acid, first patented by John Bennet Lawes in 1842, which launched the modern fertilizer industry.
Superplasticity
Superplasticity is the ability of a fine-grained material to stretch uniformly in tension to elongations of several hundred percent or more without localized necking, exploited in superplastic forming.
Superplasticizer
A superplasticizer, also called a high-range water reducer (HRWR), is a chemical admixture that disperses cement particles, cutting a concrete mix's water demand by 12 to more than 30 percent.
Superpoint
SuperPoint is a self-supervised, fully-convolutional neural network that detects interest points and computes descriptors in a single forward pass, introduced by Magic Leap in 2018 for SLAM and camera calibration.
Superposition (interpretability)
Superposition is the hypothesis, central to mechanistic interpretability, that a neural network encodes more features than it has dimensions by storing them in nearly-orthogonal directions.
Superposition hypothesis (machine learning)
The superposition hypothesis is the mechanistic interpretability proposal that networks encode more features than neurons in nearly orthogonal directions, explaining polysemanticity and motivating sparse autoencoders.
Superposition principle
The superposition principle, also called the principle of superposition, states that overlapping waves add their displacements, governing wave interference for sound, water, string, and electromagnetic waves.
Superpotential
A superpotential is a function W(x) in supersymmetric quantum mechanics from which partner potentials V±(x) = W²(x) ± W′(x) are built; shape-invariant cases yield exact algebraic spectra, as for the harmonic oscillator.
Superpower
A superpower is a state able to influence events and project power worldwide, a rank above great power; the United States and the Soviet Union held it.
Superpower (ability)
Superpower (ability): the popular-culture term for a superhuman ability in fiction, the defining trait of superheroes and supervillains; common examples are superhuman strength, flight, and telekinesis, usually paired with limitations.
Superprod Group
Superprod Group is an independent European production and distribution company founded in Paris in 2010 by Clément Calvet and Jérémie Fajner, producing animated and live-action films and series.
Superradiance
Superradiance is the amplification of waves scattered off a rotating body; around spinning black holes, boson fields grow into clouds that drain the hole's rotational energy and slow its spin.
Superradiant and subradiant modes
Superradiant and subradiant modes are collective states of coupled quantum emitters that radiate together faster or slower than a single isolated emitter, with dipoles adding or interfering destructively.
Superradiant laser
A superradiant laser is a laser that stores its frequency information in atoms rather than in the light between its mirrors, making it highly immune to vibration.
Superreal number
A superreal number is an element of an ordered field that properly extends the real numbers, containing infinitesimals and infinitely large quantities; David Tall introduced one system in 1980.
Supersaturation
Supersaturation, also called supersolubility, is the state of a solution holding more dissolved solute than equilibrium allows at a given temperature; metastable, it is exploited in industrial crystallization, geochemistry, and pharmaceutical formulation.
Supersaurus
Supersaurus ("super lizard"), type species S. vivianae, is a giant diplodocid sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of Colorado, named by Jensen in 1985; 33–39 m long, 30–44 tons, with Dystylosaurus and Dinheirosaurus as synonyms.
Superscalar execution
Superscalar execution is a processor technique in which a CPU core issues and executes multiple instructions in the same clock cycle, found at runtime in hardware.