All articles A–Z
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Early modern journalists (17th and 18th centuries)
Early modern journalists were the paid compilers and publishers of news from roughly 1600 to 1800, spanning manuscript newsletter writers, Dutch coranto printers, and the first English periodical editors.
Early modern period
Early modern period, the historical era roughly 1450/1500-1800 between the Middle Ages and modernity (German Frühe Neuzeit); term coined in the 1940s, established in the 1970s. Defined by Renaissance, Reformation, printing, overseas expansion, and state formation.
Early modern treaty-making
Early modern treaty-making is the practice, from the late fifteenth to the late eighteenth century, by which European states concluded written agreements regulating war, peace, trade, and territory.
Early music
Early music: European music from about 1250 to 1750 (medieval, Renaissance, Baroque), also the historically informed performance (HIP) movement reviving period instruments, pitch (A=415), temperaments, and techniques, expanded by Taruskin-influenced debates and interpretation research into later repertoires.
Early music ensembles of the Danish national scene
The early music ensembles of the Danish national scene are professional Danish groups performing medieval, Renaissance, and baroque repertoire on historical instruments, led by Concerto Copenhagen.
Early music ensembles of the Iberian revival
Early music ensembles of the Iberian revival are Spanish and Portuguese groups performing medieval, Renaissance, and baroque Iberian repertoire on historical principles from manuscript sources.
Early music festivals
Early music festivals: recurring concert events presenting music before about 1800 in historically informed performance on period instruments. Examples include the Boston Early Music Festival (biennial since 1980) and Lamèque (1975).
Early Muslim conquests
Early Muslim conquests (c. 632–750): the Rashidun and Umayyad expansion from Arabia that overran Sasanian Persia and the Byzantine Near East after Yarmuk (636) and Qadisiyya, largely by treaty.
Early Nationalists
Early Nationalists, or Moderates, were the 1885–1905 leaders of the Indian National Congress, including Naoroji, Gokhale, Mehta, and Banerjea, who pursued reform through constitutional agitation and the Drain Theory critique, before the 1905 Bengal Partition brought assertive nationalism.
Early Netherlandish painting
Early Netherlandish painting, also called the Flemish Primitives, is 15th- and 16th-century painting of the Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands, begun by Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck around 1420 and known for luminous oil painting, detailed realism, and the Ghent altarpiece.
Early nodulin 40
Early nodulin 40 (ENOD40) is a legume gene, first found in soybean, induced within hours by rhizobia; a dual lncRNA and short-peptide gene essential for nodule initiation, also present in non-legumes.
Early Norwegian black metal scene
The early Norwegian black metal scene, also known as the Black metal inner circle, was an early 1990s Oslo-based scene centered on Euronymous, Mayhem, and Helvete.
Early Paralympic classification schemes (1A–6, B1–3)
The early Paralympic classification schemes were medical, impairment-based systems, with spinal-cord classes 1A–6 and visual classes B1–3, that governed Paralympic sport from 1960 until the late 1980s.
Early Quranic manuscripts
Early Quranic manuscripts are surviving 7th-century copies of the Quran, including the Birmingham folios dated 568–645 CE and the Sanaa palimpsest, whose lower text is the only known non-ʿUthmānic manuscript.
Early repolarization syndrome
Early repolarisation syndrome: J-point elevation on ECG (inferior/lateral leads) with ventricular fibrillation without structural heart disease; common benign pattern, rare malignant channelopathy treated with ICD and quinidine.
Early road and mountain-pass tunnels
Early road and mountain-pass tunnels are hand-cut road tunnels such as the Buco di Viso of 1478, the Urnerloch of 1708, and Reigate Tunnel of 1823.
Early skyscrapers
Early skyscrapers were tall commercial buildings erected in American cities, especially Chicago and New York, from the mid-1880s onward, using metal skeleton frames and elevators, culminating in the 1913 Woolworth Building.
Early Slavs
Early Slavs: the Slavic-speaking populations first visible in sixth-century sources as Sclaveni and Antes, linked to the Prague, Penkovka, and Kolochin cultures, who spread across Europe between 500 and 700 ad, with 2025 ancient DNA showing large-scale migration.
Early Snow on the River
Early Snow on the River (江行初雪图) is a handscroll of ink and color on silk by the Southern Tang painter Zhao Gan, dated around 960, showing fishermen and travelers in the first snowfall.
Early Sorrows
Early Sorrows (Rani jadi) is a 1969 book of linked stories by Danilo Kiš about the wartime childhood of a boy whose Jewish father is deported to a death camp.
Early spermatid
Early spermatid (round spermatid): first haploid germ cell of spermatogenesis, formed from a secondary spermatocyte; transcriptionally active before chromatin compaction; matures into spermatozoa; basis of ROSI fertility treatment.
Early Spring in February (早春二月)
Early Spring in February (早春二月, Early Spring) is Xie Tieli's 1963 Beijing Film Studio drama adapted from Rou Shi's novella February, starring Sun Daolin, Xie Fang, and Shangguan Yunzhu; criticized as a poison weed in 1964, later a classic.
Early Start Denver Model
The Early Start Denver Model is a play-based early intervention for children ages 12 to 48 months with autism, developed by Sally Rogers and Geraldine Dawson.
Early stopping
Early stopping is a machine learning technique that halts training when error on a held-out validation set begins to rise, returning the best weights; it acts as implicit regularization.
Early Summer (麦秋)
Early Summer (麦秋, Bakushū) is Yasujiro Ozu's 1951 Shochiku drama, released October 3, 1951, 124 minutes, starring Setsuko Hara as Noriko; the middle film of the Noriko trilogy with Late Spring and Tokyo Story, and a 1952 Kinema Junpo Best Film winner.
Early Sunday Morning
Early Sunday Morning is a 1930 oil painting by Edward Hopper depicting a row of empty two-story storefronts on a New York street in strong morning light.
Early syphilis
Early syphilis (ICD-11 1A61) covers primary, secondary, and early latent syphilis from Treponema pallidum, the infectious first one to two years; treated with single-dose benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units.
Early telephone exchange operating companies
Early telephone exchange operating companies were local firms owning switchboards and employing operators for local calling; thousands formed after Bell's patents expired in 1894, and most were later absorbed by Bell.
Early timeline of Nazism
Early timeline of Nazism, 1918–1933: founding of the German Workers' Party, Hitler's leadership from 1921, the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, electoral rise to 37 percent, and Hitler's January 30, 1933 appointment as chancellor.
Early v. Commissioner
Early v. Commissioner, 445 F.2d 166 (5th Cir. 1971), a United States income tax case: a life interest received in settlement of a disputed gift claim was treated as acquired by gift, barring amortization under IRC 273.