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Electrocochleography
Electrocochleography (ECochG) is an electrophysiological test recording electrical potentials from the cochlea and auditory nerve in response to sound, used mainly to diagnose Meniere disease.
Electroconvulsive therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): seizure-inducing brain stimulation treatment developed by Cerletti and Bini in Rome in 1938, used for severe depression, catatonia, and mania; effective short-term but causes memory loss.
Electrocorticography
Electrocorticography (ECoG) records brain electrical activity from electrodes on the cortical surface, used in epilepsy surgery and brain-computer interfaces; micro-ECoG arrays reach sub-millimeter resolution.
Electrocution
Electrocution by electric chair: a US execution method proposed in 1881 by dentist Albert Southwick, first used on William Kemmler in 1890, dominant for nearly a century, now a backup method in nine states.
Electrocyclic reaction
An electrocyclic reaction, also called electrocyclic rearrangement, is a pericyclic reaction in which a sigma bond forms or breaks between the ends of a conjugated pi system.
Electrode
An electrode is an electron conductor in an electrochemical cell where oxidation and reduction occur; the same word names welding rods, transistor gates, and biomedical sensors.
Electrode implantation
Electrode implantation is the stereotactic surgical placement of electrodes in the brain, mainly to localize seizures in epilepsy or deliver deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.
Electrode potential
Electrode potential, symbol E, is the electromotive force of a cell with the standard hydrogen electrode on the left; the SHE defines the zero of the scale.
Electrodeionization
Electrodeionization, also called continuous electrodeionization or CEDI, is a water treatment method that removes dissolved ions with ion-exchange resin in an electric field, without acid or caustic regeneration.
Electrodeposition
Electrodeposition is the process of depositing metal onto an electrode by passing electric current through an electrolyte; when used as a coating it is called electroplating.
Electrodermal activity
Electrodermal activity (EDA), formerly galvanic skin response, is the measurable electrical conductance of the skin, driven by sweat gland activity and used in polygraph and psychophysiological research since 1879.
Electrodiagnosis
Electrodiagnosis (EDX medicine) evaluates nerve, muscle, and neuromuscular junction disorders via nerve conduction studies and needle EMG; distinct from EEG and ECG, it grew from Galvani's frog experiments and WWII nerve-injury studies.
Electrodialysis
Electrodialysis is a membrane desalination process that transports salt ions through charged ion-exchange membranes under an electric field, best suited to brackish water rather than seawater.
Electrodynamic shaker
The electrodynamic shaker is a vibration test machine that converts electrical current into mechanical force, operating as standard excitation sources for aerospace, automotive, and defense applications.
Electrodynamic suspension
Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) is a maglev levitation method where moving onboard magnets induce repulsive currents in guideway coils, self-stabilizing without active control and used in Japan's SCMaglev.
Electrodynamic tether
An electrodynamic tether is a long conducting wire deployed from a spacecraft that produces electrical power or propulsion without consuming propellant, using its motion through a planet's magnetic field.
Electroejaculation
Electroejaculation: semen collection via a rectal probe delivering low-voltage pulses to pelvic nerves; used in livestock breeding soundness exams, zoo and conservation programs, and anejaculatory men; welfare-restricted in some countries.
Electroelution
Electroelution is a bench biology method that uses an electric field to drive DNA, RNA, or proteins out of excised gel slices into solution for recovery after electrophoretic separation.
Electroencephalography
Electroencephalography (EEG) records the brain's electrical activity via scalp electrodes. Pioneered by Hans Berger in 1924, it offers millisecond temporal resolution and is the cornerstone test for diagnosing epilepsy and sleep disorders.
Electroencephalography Phase Synchronization
Electroencephalography phase synchronization (EEG phase synchrony) is the uniform alignment of oscillation phases between neuronal groups in EEG, quantified by metrics such as the phase locking value, PLI, and wPLI, and read as a sign of brain integration in learning, memory, and perception.
Electrofiltration
Electrofiltration is a membrane separation method in which an applied electric field drives charged particles, colloids, and macromolecules away from the membrane, raising permeate flux and slowing fouling.
Electrofishing
Electrofishing is a fish sampling method that passes an electric field through water to temporarily stun fish so crews can net, identify, measure, and release them, a core tool of fisheries management.
Electroforming
Electroforming is a manufacturing process that produces metal parts by electrochemically depositing metal, usually nickel, onto a mandrel or mold that is then separated from the deposit.
Electrofusion
Electrofusion is a bench technique using short electric pulses to fuse adjacent cell membranes, producing hybrid cells for monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and diabetes research.
Electrogastrography
Electrogastrography (EGG) is a noninvasive method recording the stomach's electrical activity through skin electrodes on the abdomen, used to assess gastric rhythm disorders, though it has not become a routine clinical diagnostic test.
Electroglottography
Electroglottography (EGG) is a noninvasive, low-cost technique that measures changes in the contact area of the vibrating vocal folds using electrodes on the neck, used in voice clinics, phonetics, and singing pedagogy.
Electrohydraulic actuator
An electrohydraulic actuator, also called an electro-hydrostatic actuator, is a self-contained unit that converts electrical power into locally generated hydraulic power, used in aircraft flight controls including the Airbus A380.
Electrohydrodynamic flow
Electrohydrodynamic flow is fluid motion induced by an electric field acting on free charges in a dielectric fluid, producing ionic wind in gases and electroconvection in liquids.
Electrohydrodynamic printing
Electrohydrodynamic printing is a high-resolution direct-write method in which a voltage between nozzle and substrate pulls out an ink jet much finer than the nozzle itself.
Electrohydrodynamics
Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluid motion induced or modified by electric fields, with applications including electrospinning and EHD pumps.