All articles A–Z

ENDOA trial

ENDOA (NCT06949176) is a randomized Athens trial comparing 2.5% versus 5% sodium hypochlorite root canal irrigation in necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis, using qPCR bacterial load and one-year Periapical Index outcomes; 44 enrolled, active, not recruiting.

ENDOABG trial

ENDOABG (NCT06959602) is a randomized trial at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens comparing 2.5% sodium hypochlorite alone, with PUI, and with XP-Endo Finisher activation in 66 teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis, measuring qPCR bacterial reduction and 6- and 12-month healing.

Endoanal ultrasound

Endoanal ultrasound is an imaging technique using a probe in the anal canal to view the anal sphincter muscles, mainly to evaluate fecal incontinence and fistulas.

EndoBarrier trial

EndoBarrier trial: UK multicenter RCT (NCT02459561, ISRCTN30845205) of the EndoBarrier duodenal-jejunal bypass liner versus medical therapy in obese type 2 diabetes; also the US ENDO trial halted 2015 for hepatic abscess.

Endobronchial ultrasound

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is a bronchoscopic imaging technique that visualizes structures in and beyond the airway wall and guides biopsy of nearby lymph nodes and lung lesions.

Endocannabinoid system

Endocannabinoid system: lipid signaling network of CB1/CB2 receptors, endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-AG, and FAAH/MAGL enzymes, discovered after THC, regulating pain, appetite, immunity, and neurotransmitter release.

Endocannibalism

Endocannibalism, or mortuary cannibalism, is the ritual consumption of deceased relatives within one's own social group. It was thought to be most widely practiced in lowland South America.

Endocardial cell

Endocardial cell (CL:0002350), also called endocardial endothelial cell: the endothelial cell lining the heart chambers' inner surface, distinct from coronary endothelium in origin, markers (Npr3, Hapln1, Cdh11), and roles in valves, trabeculation, and cardiomyocyte signaling.

Endocardial fibroelastosis

Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE), also called elastomyofibrosis, is a rare thickening of the heart's endocardium by fibrous and elastic tissue, mainly in infants, usually secondary to other cardiac disease, causing heart failure.

Endocarditis

Endocarditis is inflammation of the heart's inner lining, usually the valves; when caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream it is called infective endocarditis.

Endocardium

Endocardium: the endothelial innermost lining of the heart, continuous with vessel intima, with a subendocardium holding Purkinje fibers; embryonically from cardiac crescent mesoderm, it forms valves, septa, and conduction tissue.

Endocervical curettage

Endocervical curettage is a gynecological diagnostic procedure that scrapes the endocervical canal for a tissue sample during colposcopy, detecting precancerous or cancerous disease the colposcope cannot see.

Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification, also called intercartilaginous ossification, is one of the two modes of bone formation, in which a cartilage template is progressively replaced by bone, forming most bones of the mammalian skeleton.

Endocochlear potential and cochlear homeostasis

Endocochlear potential (EP), the ~+80 mV positive potential of cochlear endolymph generated by the stria vascularis via Kir4.1 channels, drives hair-cell transduction; its maintenance through potassium recycling defines cochlear homeostasis.

Endocrine cell

Endocrine cell (endocrinocyte, CL:0000163): a secretory cell of a ductless gland that releases hormones directly into the blood. Subtypes include neuroendocrine, enteroendocrine, and the five pancreatic islet cell types.

Endocrine Diagnostic Techniques

Endocrine diagnostic techniques: biochemical assays, dynamic stimulation and suppression tests, imaging, and venous sampling used to diagnose hormone disorders such as PPGL, Cushing syndrome, and adrenal insufficiency.

Endocrine disease

Endocrine disease: disorders of the eight major hormone glands (thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas) causing hormone excess, deficiency, or resistance; classified primary, secondary, or tertiary.

Endocrine disruptor

Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are exogenous chemicals, such as BPA, phthalates, PFAS, and pesticides, that interfere with hormone action and cause adverse health effects; regulated in the EU under CLP hazard classes since 2023.

Endocrine gland

Endocrine glands are ductless organs, including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and pancreas, that secrete hormones directly into the blood; the hypothalamic-pituitary axis regulates them by feedback, unlike ducted exocrine glands.

Endocrine pathology

Endocrine Pathology: peer-reviewed quarterly journal (ISSN 1046-3976, 1559-0097) founded March 1990 by Kovacs and Asa, official journal of the Endocrine Pathology Society, published by Springer, 2025 impact factor 4.6, Q1.

Endocrine Surgical Procedures

Endocrine surgical procedures are operations on endocrine glands such as thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, and adrenalectomy; the field traces to Kocher and is now guided by ATA, AAES, and ESES standards.

Endocrine system

Endocrine system: the body's hormone-secreting glands (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, gonads) releasing over 50 hormones into blood to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, with feedback loops and neuroendocrine links.

Endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia syndrome

Endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia (ECO) syndrome, ORPHA:199332, OMIM 612651, is a rare autosomal recessive neonatal-lethal ciliopathy caused by ICK/CILK1 mutations (R272Q, G120C), with endocrine, cerebral, and skeletal anomalies.

Endocrinologists

Endocrinologists: physicians specializing in diagnosis and treatment of gland and hormone disorders, including diabetes, thyroid disease, obesity, and osteoporosis; trained via internal medicine residency plus endocrinology fellowship, facing workforce shortages in the US and Europe.

Endocrinology

Endocrinology: the medical and biological study of hormones and the endocrine system, also called hormone science. Covers glandular disorders (diabetes, thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, bone), its 1889–1905 founding, training pathways, and workforce access challenges.

Endocytoscopy

Endocytoscopy (EC) is an endoscopic imaging technique giving real-time microscopic views of living gastrointestinal mucosa by pressing an ultra-high-magnification contact endoscope against stained tissue, often described as an optical biopsy.

Endocytosis

Endocytosis: cellular uptake of macromolecules and membrane via vesicles. Also phagocytosis, pinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Pathways include CME (~120 nm vesicles), caveolae (~60 nm), CLIC/GEEC, macropinocytosis; coined by Metchnikoff (1883) and Lewis (1931).

Endodermal cell

Endodermal cell (endoderm cell, CL:0000223): a cell of the innermost embryonic germ layer. Definitive endoderm arises from the epiblast at gastrulation, forms the gut tube, and yields digestive and respiratory epithelia and organs like liver and pancreas.

Endodontics

Endodontics, from Greek endo (within) and odont (tooth), is the dental specialty of the dental pulp and root tissues, covering root canal treatment, vital pulp therapy, and endodontic surgery; ADA-recognized since 1967.