All articles A–Z
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Indirect speech
Indirect speech, or reported speech, reports what someone said with grammatical changes: reporting clause, backshifted tenses, shifted pronouns and deixis, no quotation marks; contrasts with direct speech and relates to free indirect discourse.
Indirect tax
An indirect tax is a tax on transactions such as sales of goods and services, collected by intermediaries like sellers rather than borne directly, including VAT, excise, and customs duties.
Indirect tensile test
The indirect tensile test, also called the splitting tensile or Brazilian test, measures tensile strength of concrete, rock, ceramics, and asphalt by compressing a cylinder until it splits.
Indische literatuur
Indische literatuur, also called Dutch East Indies literature, is Dutch-language writing from or about the former Dutch East Indies, spanning the VOC period through decolonization to contemporary postcolonial works.
Indische Partij
The Indische Partij (Indies Party) was the first political party of the Dutch East Indies, founded in Bandung in 1912 by Douwes Dekker, Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, and Soewardi Soerjaningrat.
Indische Staatsregeling of 1925
The Indische Staatsregeling of 1925 was the revised constitutional regulation of the Dutch East Indies, issued by the Netherlands in 1925 and enlarging the Volksraad into a co-legislative body.
Indiscreet
Indiscreet is a 1958 romantic comedy directed by Stanley Donen, starring Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman as Philip Adams and Anna Kalman, adapted by Norman Krasna from his play Kind Sir, with a famous split-screen bed scene.
Indistinguishability obfuscation
Indistinguishability obfuscation (iO) is a cryptographic technique that compiles programs into an obfuscated form computing the same function while hiding everything but its input-output behavior.
Indistinguishable particles
Indistinguishable particles, also called identical particles, are particles of the same type that quantum mechanics cannot tell apart even in principle; exchange symmetry divides them into bosons and fermions.
Inditex
Inditex is a Spanish apparel retailer headquartered in A Coruña, Spain, operating Zara and other chains; it recorded €39.9 billion in sales across 5,460 stores in fiscal 2025.
Indium
Indium is a soft, silvery chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49, used mainly as the transparent conductive coating in touchscreens and LCDs.
Indium arsenide
Indium arsenide (InAs) is a binary III–V semiconductor of indium and arsenic with the narrow 0.36 eV direct bandgap and high electron mobility used in infrared detectors and high-speed transistors.
Indium arsenide self-assembled quantum dots
Indium arsenide self-assembled quantum dots (InAs quantum dots, InAs QDs) are nanoscale InAs islands formed spontaneously by strain during epitaxial growth, used as single-photon sources for quantum information technology.
Indium chloride
Indium chloride is the trichloride of indium, InCl₃, used in nuclear medicine as indium-111 chloride to radiolabel antibodies and white blood cells, and industrially as a synthesis reagent.
Indium gallium nitride
Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) is a semiconductor alloy of gallium nitride and indium nitride whose tunable bandgap makes it the active layer in blue and green LEDs and Blu-ray lasers.
Indium gallium zinc oxide
Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) is an amorphous oxide semiconductor used in display thin-film transistors, first reported in 2003 and commercialized in products including Apple's iPad.
Indium in 111 satumomab pendetide
Indium In 111 satumomab pendetide, sold as OncoScint CR/OV by Cytogen, is a discontinued diagnostic radiopharmaceutical, the first FDA-approved tumor-imaging agent for immuno-SPECT, approved in 1992.
Indium oxide
Indium oxide (In2O3), also called indium trioxide, is a wide-band-gap n-type semiconductor oxide best known as the parent compound of indium tin oxide, the most widely used transparent conducting oxide.
Indium oxide CO2 hydrogenation catalysts
Indium oxide CO2 hydrogenation catalysts are In2O3 materials that turn CO2 and hydrogen into methanol, with surface oxygen vacancies as the active sites and methanol selectivity up to 99%.
Indium phosphide
Indium phosphide (InP) is a binary III-V semiconductor of indium and phosphorus with a direct bandgap, used for lasers, photonic integrated circuits, coherent optical transceivers, and high-speed microwave transistors.
Indium phosphide quantum dots
Indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs) are nanometer-scale crystals of a III–V semiconductor whose size-tunable emission spans blue to near-infrared, serving as cadmium-free color converters in displays.
Indium selenide
Indium selenide is a family of layered III-VI semiconductor compounds of indium and selenium, principally InSe and In2Se3, combining high electron mobility with room-temperature ferroelectricity for memory and optoelectronic devices.
Indium Software
Indium Software is a Chennai-headquartered AI-driven digital engineering and technology services company founded in 1999 by Ram Sukumar, majority-owned by EQT Private Capital since 2024.
Indium telluride
Indium telluride is a family of binary indium-tellurium compounds, including InTe and In₂Te₃, studied chiefly as semiconductors and thermoelectric materials, with InTe showing exceptionally low lattice thermal conductivity.
Indium tin oxide
Indium tin oxide (ITO), also called tin-doped indium oxide, is a transparent conducting semiconductor, a solid solution of indium oxide and tin oxide used in touchscreens and displays.
Indium tin oxide epsilon-near-zero
Indium tin oxide epsilon-near-zero (ITO ENZ) is the near-infrared regime where indium tin oxide's permittivity crosses zero, producing slow-light enhancement and ultrafast nonlinear optical effects used in nanophotonics.
Indium-111
Indium-111 is a radioactive isotope of indium used in nuclear medicine as a gamma-emitting tracer, best known for labeling white blood cells to image infection.
Individual
An individual, in biology and philosophy of biology, is a discrete biological entity, such as an organism, a cell, or a species, distinguishable from its parts and from mere groups.
Individual fairness
Individual fairness is a definition of algorithmic fairness, introduced by Cynthia Dwork and colleagues in the 2011 paper Fairness Through Awareness, which requires that similar individuals be treated similarly by a machine-learning model.
Individual interview
An individual interview is a one-on-one conversation in which one person has the role of researcher, used to gather detailed accounts of experiences, views, or practices.