All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster
Individual involvement in the Chernobyl disaster covers the plant staff, firefighters, medical personnel, and liquidators who responded to the 26 April 1986 explosion of Reactor No. 4.
Individual Neutral Athletes at the 2024 Summer Olympics
Individual Neutral Athletes (AIN, Athlètes Individuels Neutres): 15 Russian and 17 Belarusian athletes competing neutrally at Paris 2024, with no flags or anthems, excluded from the medal table, winning 5 medals.
Individual Neutral Athletes at the 2026 Winter Olympics
Individual Neutral Athletes (AIN, Athlètes Individuels Neutres): the 20 Russian and Belarusian athletes, 13 Russian and 7 Belarusian, who competed neutrally at the 2026 Milano Cortina Winter Olympics under IOC eligibility rules and a December 2025 CAS ruling.
Individual participant data meta-analysis
Individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis collects, checks, and re-analyzes raw data for every participant in each study, offering advantages over aggregate meta-analysis but taking at least two years.
Individual patient data meta-analysis
Individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis is a method of evidence synthesis that combines raw participant-level records from multiple studies, enabling subgroup analyses aggregate data cannot address reliably.
Individual Ready Reserve
Individual Ready Reserve (IRR): US Ready Reserve subcomponent of trained former active-duty or Selected Reserve members who do not drill but can be involuntarily mobilized under 10 U.S.C. 12304; distinct from Selected Reserve and Inactive National Guard.
Individual retirement account
An individual retirement account (IRA) is a US personal retirement savings arrangement defined in tax code §408, with traditional and Roth types differing in when the tax benefit arrives.
Individual Thought Patterns
Individual Thought Patterns is Death's fifth album, released June 22, 1993 on Relativity Records. Featuring Chuck Schuldiner, Andy LaRocque, Steve DiGiorgio, and Gene Hoglan, it is a technical, progressive death metal landmark best known for "The Philosopher".
Individual tree detection
Individual tree detection (ITD) is a remote sensing method that locates single tree crowns in airborne laser scanning data, producing geo-located lists of individual trees.
Individualism
Individualism: a moral and political outlook centering the moral worth and autonomy of the individual, Hofstede's individualism-collectivism cultural dimension, and methodological individualism in social science.
Individualist anarchism
Individualist anarchism: a branch of anarchism centering individual autonomy, associated with Josiah Warren, Benjamin Tucker, Stirner, and Thoreau; anti-state, occupancy-and-use property, cost-the-limit-of-price economics, disputed relation to capitalism.
Individualized Education Program
Individualized Education Program (IEP), the annually developed written plan required under IDEA (1975 EHA, renamed 1990) for every U.S. student receiving special education, defining goals, services, team membership, and transition planning.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), formerly the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, is the U.S. federal special education statute guaranteeing FAPE through IEPs, distinct from Section 504 and the ADA.
Individuation
Individuation, in metaphysics, is whatever makes a thing one individual distinct from others; epistemically, the act of singling it out. Covers Aquinas's designated matter, Scotus's haecceity, Leibniz's indiscernibles, Simondon's process ontology, and Jung's psychological sense.
Indjija
Indjija (Inđija) is a town in Srem, Serbia, best known for FK Inđija (Fudbalski klub Inđija), a football club founded by railway workers in 1933 that has twice played in the Serbian SuperLiga.
IndMoney
IndMoney is an Indian personal-finance and wealth-management startup founded in 2019 by Ashish Kashyap, based in Gurugram and Bengaluru, offering zero-commission investing, neobanking, and trading; it raised $86 million in 2022.
Indo people
Indo people (Dutch Indo-Europeans, Indische Nederlanders) are people of mixed Dutch-European and Indonesian descent from the Dutch East Indies; most left for the Netherlands after decolonization (around 300,000 repatriants, 1946–1968), with smaller communities remaining in Indonesia.
Indo-Aryan languages
Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages: the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European spoken across South Asia, with 226 languages and about 1.5 billion speakers, descending through Sanskrit, Prakrits, and Apabhramsha to Hindi, Bengali, and related modern languages.
Indo-Aryan migration into the Punjab
The Indo-Aryan migration into the Punjab (आर्य प्रवास) was the arrival of Indo-Aryan pastoralist tribes in the Punjab and upper Indus around 1700 to 1500 BCE, beginning the Vedic period.
Indo-Aryan migrations
Indo-Aryan migrations, also framed as the Aryan Migration Theory (AMT) versus Out of India theory (OIT), concerns the entry of Indo-Aryan (Vedic Sanskrit) speakers into India around 1500 BCE from the Eurasian steppes, debated via linguistics, archaeology, and ancient DNA.
Indo-Aryan peoples
Indo-Aryan peoples, also called Aryans (ārya), are speakers of the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-Iranian, split from Iranians around 2000 BCE, attested early in Mitanni, and central to the debated Steppe migration into South Asia.
Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace
Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace, also the Indira-Mujib Treaty: a 25-year India-Bangladesh friendship treaty signed in Dacca on 19 March 1972 by Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, with 12 articles, notable security clauses in Articles 9-10, and expiration without renewal on 19 March 1997.
Indo-European languages
Indo-European languages: a several-hundred-language family, also called Indo-European family, descending from Proto-Indo-European and spoken by about half the world's population; ten main branches including Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Indo-Iranian; homeland debated between steppe and Anatolian hypotheses.
Indo-European migrations
Indo-European migrations: prehistoric population movements spreading Indo-European languages from a Pontic-Caspian steppe homeland (steppe hypothesis) or Anatolian farmers (Anatolian hypothesis); ancient DNA shows a massive Yamnaya migration into Europe about 4,500 years ago.
Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies, also called comparative philology or historical-comparative linguistics, reconstructs Proto-Indo-European and studies the history, culture, and prehistory of Indo-European-speaking peoples, from Jones's 1786 insight to steppe-hypothesis ancient DNA research.
Indo-European Telegraph Department
The Indo-European Telegraph Department was a branch of the British Government of India, headquartered in London, that built telegraph lines across Iran and the Persian Gulf from 1862 to 1931.
Indo-European Telegraph Line
The Indo-European Telegraph Line was an overland telegraph connection between London and Calcutta, completed in 1870 across Prussia, Russia, the Caucasus, Persia, and the Persian Gulf, remaining in service into the 1930s.
Indo-European vocabulary
Indo-European vocabulary, the reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, is recovered via the comparative method as roots like h₂eǵ- and swésōr, documented by Pokorny's IEW and the 2025 IE-CoR dataset.
Indo-Fijians
Indo-Fijians, Fiji citizens of South Asian descent, descend mainly from about 60,537 indentured Girmit labourers brought from India 1879-1916 aboard ships like the Leonidas; 37.5% of the 2017 population, Fiji Hindi-speaking, shaped by coups of 1987, 2000, and 2006.
Indo-Gangetic Plain
Indo-Gangetic Plain, also called North Indian River Plain: the world's largest alluvial plain (about 700,000 km2) across Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, a Himalayan foreland basin fed by the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers.