All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
Information asymmetry
Information asymmetry, or asymmetric information, is an economic situation in which one party to a transaction knows more than the other, as when a used-car seller knows the car's condition.
Information bottleneck
The information bottleneck is an information-theoretic method for compressing a signal while preserving information relevant to a prediction target, introduced by Naftali Tishby, Fernando Pereira, and William Bialek in 1999.
Information bottleneck method
The information bottleneck method is an information-theoretic technique that compresses a random variable X into a compact representation while preserving information about a target variable Y.
Information cascade
Information cascade: sequential decision making where people rationally copy predecessors' visible actions while ignoring their own private signals, blocking social learning. Introduced by Banerjee and Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer, Welch in 1992; explains fads, herding, and fragile mass behavior.
Information Commissioner's Office
The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) was the UK's independent data protection and freedom of information regulator, founded as the Data Protection Registrar in 1984, renamed in 2001, and succeeded by the Information Commission on 30 September 2026 under the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025.
Information filter
The information filter is a Bayesian state-estimation algorithm for linear Gaussian systems, algebraically equivalent to the Kalman filter but working with the inverse covariance, the information matrix.
Information literacy
Information literacy is the set of abilities to find, evaluate, and use information effectively and ethically, a skill taught and assessed in higher education and promoted by UNESCO.
Information management
Information management (IM) is the management of processes and systems that create, acquire, organize, store, distribute, and use information. Distinct from records, data, and knowledge management; spans organizational, library, and personal perspectives, IRM lineage, ISO 15489, and national archives assessment programs.
Information mapping
Information mapping is a structured method for analyzing, organizing, and presenting business and technical documentation, developed by Robert E. Horn and first published in 1969, which breaks content into labeled units called information blocks.
Information overload
Information overload is the state where information inputs exceed processing capacity. Term coined by Bertram Gross (1964), popularized by Toffler's Future Shock; causes, inverted-U effects, and coping strategies.
Information privacy
Information privacy, also known as data privacy, is the right and practice of controlling how personal data is collected, used, and shared, recognized as a human right in Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Information processing theory
Information processing theory (IPT), also called the information-processing or multistore model, is a cognitive framework describing learning as attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval of information, anchored by Atkinson and Shiffrin's 1968 three-stage memory model.
Information ratio
The information ratio (IR) is a portfolio performance measure dividing average active return over a benchmark by its tracking error, the standard yardstick for ranking active managers.
Information reconciliation
Information reconciliation is the error-correction step of secret-key agreement, where two parties turn mismatched data strings into identical ones while limiting what an eavesdropper learns.
Information retrieval
Information retrieval (IR) is the task of finding documents that contain answers to a user's query and ranking them by predicted relevance, the core operation behind search engines.
Information science
Information science is an interdisciplinary field studying how information is created, organized, stored, retrieved, and used, combining library science, computer science, and information management; formalized in the 1950s–1960s, defined by Borko in 1968, and measured as highly interdisciplinary.
Information security
Information security, also known as INFOSEC, is the practice of protecting information and systems from unauthorized access, use, or destruction, aiming for confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Information Security Forum
The Information Security Forum (ISF) is a UK-based, not-for-profit association for information security and risk management, founded in 1989, best known for its Standard of Good Practice.
Information Services Group
Information Services Group, also known as ISG, is a global technology research and advisory firm founded in 2006 and headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, serving more than 900 enterprise clients.
Information Sharing and Analysis Center
An Information Sharing and Analysis Center (ISAC) is a nonprofit that gathers, analyzes, and exchanges cyber threat information within a critical infrastructure sector such as finance or energy.
Information society
Information society: a society where information creation, distribution, and use dominate economic and cultural life; also called johoka or network society (Castells). Key facts: Webster's six definitions, Bell's post-industrialism roots, digital divide, WSIS 2003 vision.
Information Society (band)
Information Society (InSoc), Minneapolis synth-pop/electro band formed early 1980s by Paul Robb, James Cassidy, Kurt Harland; 1988 gold debut with "What's on Your Mind (Pure Energy)" (No. 3 pop, Leonard Nimoy sample); disbanded 1996, reformed 2006.
Information system
An information system, also known as computer information systems, is a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and disseminate data to meet objectives like improving customer service.
Information system success model
The information system success model is a framework by DeLone and McLean, first published in 1992, that defines system success through measurable dimensions like quality, use, and satisfaction.
Information technology
Information technology, or IT, is the use of computers, storage, networking, software, and related services to store, manage, and transmit data, a field with worldwide spending forecast to reach $6.37 trillion in 2026.
Information Technology Act, 2000
The Information Technology Act, 2000 (सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी अधिनियम, 2000), Act No. 21 of 2000, is India's foundational cyberlaw, in force 17 October 2000, legalizing electronic records and signatures, creating cyber offences, and amended by the 2008 Act.
Information technology controls
Information technology controls, also known as IT controls, are internal controls that depend on processing by information systems, assessed in audits of financial reporting, operations, and compliance.
Information technology in India
Information technology in India, also called the Indian IT industry, spans software development, IT services, and business process management, generating an estimated US$315.4 billion in FY26.
Information Technology Industry Council
The Information Technology Industry Council (ITI) is a Washington, D.C.-based trade association founded in 1916 that represents technology companies on issues including AI, cybersecurity, and trade.
Information theory
Information theory, also known as Shannon theory, is the mathematical study of the quantification, storage, and transmission of information, founded by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper.