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Injury of anterior tibial artery
Injury of the anterior tibial artery (ICD-11 NC95.1, ICD-10 S85.15), traumatic damage to the front lower-leg artery from fractures, orthopedic fixation, or blunt and penetrating trauma, with pseudoaneurysm as a characteristic delayed presentation and higher amputation risk than other crural vessel injuries.
Injury of axillary nerve
Injury of axillary nerve: damage to the C5-C6 posterior cord branch supplying deltoid and teres minor, usually from anterior shoulder dislocation or proximal humeral fracture; mostly non-operative recovery, surgery if no recovery by 3-6 months.
Injury of bile duct
Injury of bile duct (ICD-11 NB91.3), mainly iatrogenic bile duct injury after cholecystectomy, incidence 0.4–1.5% laparoscopic; Strasberg A–E classification; Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy repair, delayed >6 weeks preferred.
Injury of bladder
Injury of bladder (bladder trauma, ICD-11 NB92.2): rupture from blunt, penetrating, or iatrogenic trauma; intraperitoneal vs extraperitoneal site dictates operative repair versus catheter drainage.
Injury of brachial artery
Injury of brachial artery (ICD-11 NC15.1), traumatic damage to the upper arm's main artery; most often penetrating (95%), frequently with nerve injury; repaired by end-to-end anastomosis or vein graft, amputation now about 3%.
Injury of bronchus
Injury of bronchus (ICD-11 NB32.4), traumatic or iatrogenic bronchial damage from contusion to complete rupture; rare, diagnosed by bronchoscopy and CT, treated conservatively or by surgical repair.
Injury of carotid artery
Injury of the carotid artery: traumatic blunt or penetrating damage to the common or internal carotid artery, also called blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI), causing dissection, thrombosis, and stroke in 1–3% of blunt trauma patients.
Injury of cauda equina
Injury of cauda equina (ICD-11 NB72): damage to the lumbosacral nerve roots below the conus medullaris, causing lower motor neuron deficits, saddle sensory loss, and bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction; traumatic and compressive causes, treated by urgent decompression.
Injury of colon
Injury of colon (ICD-10 S36.5), traumatic damage to the large intestine from blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma; uncommon (0.3-0.5% of blunt cases), diagnosed by CT with specific signs, treated by primary repair or anastomosis rather than routine colostomy.
Injury of cranial nerves
Injury of cranial nerves: damage to the 12 paired nerves leaving the brain, from trauma, stroke, tumors, or surgery. Classified by Seddon/Sunderland; regenerates about 1-2 mm/day; facial nerve most clinically prominent; synkinesis is a key sequela.
Injury of duodenum
Injury of duodenum, or duodenal trauma, is traumatic damage to the first small-intestine segment. Rare (2-5% of abdominal trauma), often blunt, hard to diagnose, AAST-graded, average mortality 17%.
Injury of facial nerve
Injury of facial nerve: damage to cranial nerve VII causing facial weakness or paralysis, from trauma (3% of facial palsy cases), surgery, infection, or Bell palsy; graded by House-Brackmann scale.
Injury of femoral artery
Injury of the femoral artery is traumatic damage to the main artery of the thigh. It is a frequently injured peripheral artery in civilian trauma, classified under ICD-11 NC75.0.
Injury of gallbladder
Injury of gallbladder (traumatic gallbladder injury, ICD-11 NB91.2): rare trauma damage to the gallbladder, usually penetrating, with contusion, avulsion, or perforation; cholecystectomy is standard treatment.
Injury of heart
Injury of heart (ICD-11 NB31): traumatic damage to the heart from blunt or penetrating chest trauma, ranging from contusion to chamber rupture; mortality 11.3% in US hospital data, higher for penetrating injury.
Injury of inferior vena cava
Injury of the inferior vena cava: traumatic damage to the IVC, mainly from penetrating abdominal trauma (0.5–5% of cases). Treated by venorrhaphy, ligation, or endovascular methods; mortality 31–51% among patients reaching surgery.
Injury of lens
Injury of lens is trauma to the crystalline lens of the eye, including traumatic cataract, subluxation, and dislocation, and a leading cause of vision impairment after ocular trauma.
Injury of liver
Injury of liver (hepatic trauma, ICD-11 NB91.1): traumatic liver damage from blunt or penetrating force. AAST-graded; nonoperative management is standard in stable patients, with embolization and damage-control surgery as adjuncts.
Injury of oculomotor nerve
Injury of oculomotor nerve (ICD-11 NA04.2) is damage to cranial nerve III, causing oculomotor nerve palsy with down-and-out eye deviation, ptosis, diplopia, and sometimes pupil dilation; causes include microvascular disease, aneurysm, tumor, and head trauma.
Injury of ovary
Injury of ovary (ICD-11 NB92.4): damage to the ovary from blunt or penetrating trauma, or ischemic injury from ovarian torsion; graded by the AAST Ovary Injury Scale I-V, mostly managed non-operatively or by repair.
Injury of periodontal tissues
Injury of periodontal tissues (ICD-11 NA0D.1) is external-force damage to the periodontium, including concussion (NA0D.10). Covers occlusal trauma, primary and secondary forms, its modifying rather than causative role in periodontitis, diagnosis, and healing.
Injury of phrenic nerve
Injury of phrenic nerve (ICD-11 NA44): damage to the C3-C5 nerve supplying the diaphragm, causing diaphragmatic paralysis. Main causes are cardiac and thoracic surgery, cold cardioplegia injury, trauma, tumor, and idiopathic cases.
Injury of pleura
Injury of pleura (ICD-11 NB32.6) is traumatic damage to the visceral or parietal pleura, causing pneumothorax or hemothorax; treated by chest tube drainage, observation for small stable collections, or surgery for major bleeding.
Injury of popliteal artery
Injury of the popliteal artery is traumatic damage to the main artery behind the knee, about 10% of vascular injuries and the most likely to cost the limb.
Injury of rectum
Injury of rectum (rectal trauma): rare traumatic rectal injury, 0.1% of trauma, mostly penetrating gunshot wounds; classified intraperitoneal vs extraperitoneal, managed by repair or diversion, with presacral drainage and distal washout abandoned.
Injury of small intestine
Injury of small intestine (ICD-11 NB91.7, 小腸損傷) is traumatic jejunal or ileal damage from blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma; occurs in about 1% of blunt and 17% of penetrating cases, diagnosed by CT, treated by repair or resection.
Injury of spleen
Injury of spleen (ICD-11 NB91.0), traumatic damage to the spleen, mostly blunt trauma (over 94%); graded AAST I-V, managed nonoperatively when stable, with splenectomy reserved for instability or peritonitis.
Injury of stomach
Injury of stomach (gastric trauma, ICD-11 NB91.5): traumatic damage to the stomach from blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma or ingestion; graded AAST-OIS I–V, mostly treated by primary repair, with mortality driven by associated injuries.
Injury of the auricle
Injury of the auricle (ICD-11 NA0B): trauma to the external ear's cartilaginous pinna, including hematoma, laceration, avulsion, and fracture; key risks are cauliflower ear deformity, chondritis, and the need for prompt drainage or specialist repair.
Injury of thoracic aorta
Injury of thoracic aorta (ICD-11 NB30.0), traumatic aortic wall damage, mainly blunt thoracic aortic injury from motor vehicle deceleration at the aortic isthmus; graded I–IV, diagnosed by CTA, treated with TEVAR or non-operative management.