All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
The Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) is a British professional engineering institution founded in Birmingham in 1847, with over 110,000 members in 140 countries and headquarters at 1 Birdcage Walk, London.
Institution of Structural Engineers
The Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE), founded in 1908 and chartered in 1934, is a London-based international professional body for structural engineering with about 30,000 members.
Institutional analysis and development framework
The institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework is a method for analyzing institutions, developed at Indiana University, that takes the action situation as its unit of analysis.
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
An Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) reviews, approves, and oversees animal use in research and teaching, required under the Animal Welfare Act and PHS Policy.
Institutional control
Institutional control is the set of active and passive administrative and legal measures, used chiefly in radioactive waste management, that prevent human disturbance of a closed disposal facility and preserve knowledge of it for future generations.
Institutional economics
Institutional economics, also called original institutional economics, explains economic outcomes through institutions, the humanly devised rules and norms shaping incentives, spanning Veblen's old institutionalism and the Nobel-recognized new institutional economics.
Institutional Ethics
Institutional ethics, also called organizational ethics, is the ethical analysis of decisions and actions by healthcare organizations, covering ethics committees and the ethics of business and management decisions.
Institutional ethnography
Institutional ethnography is a qualitative method developed by Canadian sociologist Dorothy E. Smith in the 1970s and 1980s that studies how institutions shape people's everyday experiences.
Institutional investor
An institutional investor, such as a pension fund or insurance company, invests large pools of money and dominates equity markets in the US and UK.
Institutional racism
Institutional racism: racial discrimination embedded in institutional policies, practices, and procedures; coined by Carmichael and Hamilton in Black Power (1967); distinct from structural racism, which operates across institutions.
Institutional review board
An institutional review board (IRB), also called an independent ethics committee, reviews and oversees human subjects research at hospitals, universities, and research centers. Covers composition, Common Rule, continuing review, and documented burdens.
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI, Partido Revolucionario Institucional), Mexican party founded 1929 as PNR, renamed PRM 1938 and PRI 1946; held the presidency 1929–2000 and 2012–2018, reduced to two states after 2024.
Institutional structure of economics
The institutional structure of economics is the interlocking system of academic departments, journals, professional associations, research institutes, and prizes through which the profession defines, rewards, and transmits good economics.
Institutionalization
Institutionalization: care of individuals in institutions and adaptation to institutional routines, or loss of adaptation to life outside; central concept in psychiatry and long-term care, opposed by deinstitutionalization.
Institutions of the European Union
The institutions of the European Union are the seven bodies defined by Article 13 TEU: Parliament, European Council, Council of the EU, Commission, CJEU, European Central Bank, and Court of Auditors.
Instituto biologico herbarium
Instituto Biológico herbarium (IBI), São Paulo: phytopathological and urediniological herbarium founded 1931 at the Instituto Biológico, holding about 13,000 rust-fungus specimens plus the Mário Barreto Figueiredo micoteca.
Instituto da Mobilidade e dos Transportes
The Instituto da Mobilidade e dos Transportes (IMT) is a Portuguese public institute handling driving licenses, vehicle registration, and transport licensing, created in 2012 and headquartered in Lisbon.
Instituto de Ecología
Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Mexican public ecology research center in Xalapa, Veracruz; founded 1974-1975 by Gonzalo Halffter under CONACYT; herbaria XAL/IEB, field stations, graduate programs since 1994; distinct from INECC.
Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica
The Instituto de Tecnología Química (ITQ) is a Spanish catalysis research center in Valencia, created in 1990 as a joint center of CSIC and the Universitat Politècnica de València.
Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones (Mexico)
The Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones (IFT, Federal Telecommunications Institute) was Mexico's autonomous regulator for telecommunications and broadcasting and its competition authority, from 2013 to its 2024 abolition.
Instituto Torcuato Di Tella
The Instituto Torcuato Di Tella was a private research and cultural institute in Buenos Aires, founded in 1958, whose art centers made it the hub of the 1960s Argentine avant-garde.
Instra:mental
Instra:mental are a British electronic music duo of Alex Green and Damon Kirkham, formed in London, best known for spearheading the Autonomic movement in drum'n'bass.
Instrucción reservada de Aranda
The Instrucción reservada de Aranda, or Memorial secreta, is a secret memorandum attributed to the Conde de Aranda advising Spain to renounce its American empire.
InstructGPT
InstructGPT is a family of GPT-3 models fine-tuned by OpenAI to follow written instructions using reinforcement learning from human feedback, released in January 2022; a 1.3B version was preferred over the 175B base GPT-3.
Instruction cycle
The instruction cycle, also called the fetch–decode–execute cycle or machine cycle, is the repeating sequence by which a processor fetches, decodes, and executes instructions from memory.
Instruction for Kagemni
The Instruction for Kagemni, also called the Instruction of Kagemni, is an Egyptian wisdom teaching addressed to Kagemni, a vizier of King Sneferu, known only from the Papyrus Prisse.
Instruction for Merikare
The Instruction for Merikare, also called the Teaching for King Merikare, is an ancient Egyptian text in which a Heracleopolitan king teaches his son and successor, Merikare, how to rule.
Instruction of Amenemhat
The Instruction of Amenemhat is a Middle Kingdom Egyptian instruction text in the voice of King Amenemhat I, warning his son Senusret I to distrust his circle.
Instruction of Amenemope
The Instruction of Amenemope, also called the Wisdom of Amenemope, is an Egyptian wisdom poem of paternal moral teaching from the Ramesside period, closely paralleled in Proverbs 22:17–24:22.
Instruction of Ankhsheshonq
The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq, also given as Onchsheshonqy, is a Demotic wisdom text of Ptolemaic Egypt, framed as advice written in prison by a priest for his son.