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Instrumental variables estimation
Instrumental variables estimation, also known as two-stage least squares, is a family of econometric methods for estimating causal effects when the variable of interest is endogenous.
Instrumentalism
Instrumentalism is a position in the philosophy of science according to which scientific theories are instruments for predicting observable phenomena rather than literal descriptions of reality.
Instrumentality of Mankind
The Instrumentality of Mankind is Cordwainer Smith's (Paul Linebarger's) future history of a ruling galactic body, and a 1979 Ballantine collection of 14 of his short stories.
Instrumentation
Instrumentation is the collective term for measuring instruments used to indicate, measure, and record physical quantities, and the science of applying such devices to determine and control quantities within specified limits.
Instrumentation amplifier
An instrumentation amplifier, or in-amp, is a differential amplifier with high input impedance and common-mode rejection, typically built from three op amps and used in sensors, data acquisition, and patient monitoring.
Instrumentation and control engineering
Instrumentation and control engineering is the discipline that measures process variables like temperature, pressure, and flow, and automatically regulates them to keep industrial processes running safely.
Instrumentl
Instrumentl is an American software company founded in 2015 that helps nonprofits and universities find, win, and manage grants, and it raised $55 million from Summit Partners in April 2025.
Instylla, Inc.
Instylla, Inc. is a privately held medical device company in Bedford, Massachusetts, founded in 2017, known for the Embrace Hydrogel Embolic System, approved by the FDA in 2025.
Insubordination
Insubordination is deliberate refusal to obey a lawful order from a superior, treated as a punishable offense in military law (distinct from collective mutiny under UCMJ Article 94) and as workplace misconduct, bounded by the right to refuse unlawful or dangerous orders.
Insufficient sleep syndrome
Insufficient sleep syndrome (ISS, behaviourally induced hypersomnia, ICD-11 7A26) is a hypersomnolence disorder in which voluntary chronic sleep restriction below individual need causes daily sleepiness, with unimpaired sleep initiation and weekend rebound sleep.
Insufflation (medicine)
Insufflation (medicine): blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into a body cavity for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Central to laparoscopy, where CO2 pneumoperitoneum, developed from Kelling's 1901 work, creates surgical working space.
Insuk Lee
Insuk Lee (이인석) is a South Korean computational biologist who leads the Network Biology Lab at Yonsei University in Seoul, known for HumanNet and network-based gene function prediction.
Insula Banului
Insula Banului (Ostrovul Banului, Ostrovu Golu), a Danube island near Gura Văii, Romania, holds a late Roman fort identified with Transdiana, a Romano-Byzantine fortification, a 14th-century medieval fort, and the type site of the Early Iron Age Insula Banului pottery group.
Insula Volusiana
Insula Volusiana: Roman insula remains on the northern edge of Rome's Forum Boarium, named from an inscription of the censors Claudius and Vitellius; four phases, Hadrianic to fifth century AD, with late-antique metalworking.
Insular area
Insular area is the U.S. federal term for a jurisdiction that is neither a state nor a federal district, covering territories, commonwealths, possessions, and freely associated states such as Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, and Palau.
Insular Cases
Insular Cases: 1901–1922 Supreme Court decisions (DeLima, Dooley, Downes v. Bidwell, Dorr, Balzac) creating territorial incorporation, under which constitutional rights apply only selectively in unincorporated US territories like Puerto Rico.
Insular Celtic languages
Insular Celtic: the Celtic language group of Britain and Ireland, in two branches, Goidelic (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx) and Brythonic (Welsh, Cornish, Breton), contrasted with extinct Continental Celtic such as Gaulish; also called P- and Q-Celtic.
Insular cortex
Insular cortex (insula, Island of Reil): cortical region hidden in the lateral sulcus, first described by Reil in 1809; hub for interoception, emotion, salience network, cognitive control, and social cognition.
Insular dwarfism
Insular dwarfism: evolutionary size reduction of large animals isolated on islands, the large-animal half of the island rule (Van Valen 1973). Examples include dwarf elephants, Cozumel foxes, and Bocas del Toro sloths; driven by resource limitation and predation release.
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands: US civil administration 1901-1935, overseen by the War Department's Bureau of Insular Affairs, ended by the 1935 Commonwealth and independence in 1946.
Insular Japonic languages
Insular Japonic (日本琉球語族) is the Japonic branch spoken in the Japanese archipelago: Japanese with its mainland dialects, Hachijō, and the Ryukyuan languages from Amami to Yonaguni, distinct from extinct Peninsular Japonic.
Insularismo
Insularismo is a 1934 book of essays on Puerto Rican national identity by Antonio S. Pedreira, described as the most influential study of Puerto Rican culture.
Insulated glazing
Insulated glazing, or double glazing, is a window construction of two or more sealed panes of glass with an insulating air or gas space between them, halving heat loss.
Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
The insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a power semiconductor switch rated from 600 to 6,500 V, invented at General Electric in the early 1980s and standard in motor drives and rail traction.
Insulating paper
Insulating paper is cellulose-based paper manufactured for electrical insulation, used principally in oil-immersed power transformers, where it wraps conductors and the oil-paper composite determines the transformer's service life.
Insulation coordination
Insulation coordination is the engineering process of selecting insulation withstand levels and surge-protective equipment, chiefly arresters, so power system equipment survives lightning and switching overvoltages at defensible cost.
Insulator (genetics)
In genetics, an insulator is a DNA boundary element that blocks enhancer-promoter communication and heterochromatin spread, demarcates chromatin domains, and in mammals depends mainly on the protein CTCF.
Insulin
Insulin: pancreatic hormone enabling glucose uptake; discovered 1921 at University of Toronto by Banting, Best, Macleod, and Collip; 1923 Nobel Prize; $1 patent; modern analogues and biosimilars.
Insulin (medication)
Insulin (medication): injectable pancreatic hormone used to control blood glucose in diabetes, essential in type 1 diabetes. Types span rapid-acting (15-minute onset) to ultra long-acting (36+ hours); biosimilars Merilog and Kirsty approved 2025; discovered Toronto 1921, Nobel 1923.
Insulin and noiiglutide fixed-dose combination (舒地胰岛素诺利糖肽)
舒地胰岛素诺利糖肽 (HR17031) is Hengrui's once-daily fixed-ratio injection of basal insulin sudelidec (INS068) plus the GLP-1 receptor agonist noiiglutide for type 2 diabetes; NMPA accepted its NDA in March 2026 after two positive phase 3 trials versus insulin glargine.