All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
Interstitial collagenase
Interstitial collagenase (MMP-1, collagenase-1) is the first-discovered matrix metalloproteinase, a zinc endopeptidase that unwinds and cleaves triple-helical collagens I, II, and III using catalytic and hemopexin domains, central to tissue remodeling, arthritis, and skin photoaging.
Interstitial cystitis
Interstitial cystitis (IC), also called bladder pain syndrome, is a chronic condition causing bladder pain, urinary urgency, and frequent urination, affecting 4 to 12 million Americans.
Interstitial defect
An interstitial defect is a point defect in a crystal in which an atom occupies a site between regular lattice positions, either a self-interstitial or a foreign impurity.
Interstitial doping in high-entropy alloys
Interstitial doping in high-entropy alloys is the deliberate addition of small atoms like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen into lattice gaps, strengthening these multi-principal-element metals while largely preserving ductility.
Interstitial emphysema
Interstitial emphysema (pulmonary interstitial emphysema, PIE; ICD-11 CB40.3, ICD-10-CM J98.2) is air within lung connective tissue sheaths and septa from alveolar rupture, mainly in ventilated premature neonates and as ventilator-induced barotrauma in adults.
Interstitial extravillous trophoblast cell
Interstitial extravillous trophoblast (iEVT, interstitial trophoblast, X cell) is the EVT subtype that invades decidual stroma, anchors the placenta, clusters around spiral arteries, and differs from endovascular EVT.
Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis with arthritis
Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis with arthritis (IGDA, Ackerman syndrome), rare granulomatous skin and joint disorder, ORPHA:79099, rope sign, linked to rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, drugs, and malignancy.
Interstitial lung disease
Interstitial lung disease (ILD): a group of disorders scarring the lung interstitium, impairing oxygen transfer; about 3 per 10,000 US diagnoses yearly. Includes IPF, classified by ATS/ERS statements, treated with antifibrotics nintedanib and pirfenidone.
Interstitial lung disease-nephrotic syndrome-epidermolysis bullosa syndrome
ILNEB syndrome (OMIM 614748, ORPHA:306504) is an autosomal recessive ITGA3 disorder of infancy combining interstitial lung disease, nephrotic syndrome, and epidermolysis bullosa; about 11 patients reported, several milder variants survive.
Interstitial lung diseases associated with connective tissue diseases
CTD-ILD, also called connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (ICD-11 CB05.1), is immune-mediated lung inflammation and fibrosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, lupus, myositis, Sjögren, and MCTD; diagnosed by HRCT and treated with immunosuppression and antifibrotics.
Interstitial nephritis
Interstitial nephritis (tubulointerstitial nephritis), inflammation of kidney interstitial tissue causing AKI; mostly drug-induced (60-70%), diagnosed by biopsy, treated with drug withdrawal and sometimes corticosteroids.
Interstitial photodynamic therapy
Interstitial photodynamic therapy is a cancer treatment in which optical fibers placed inside a tumor deliver light that activates a photosensitizing drug, destroying tissue from within.
Interstory drift
Interstory drift is the lateral displacement of one building floor relative to the floor below under seismic loads, expressed as a drift ratio and limited by seismic design codes.
Intersubjectivity
Intersubjectivity is the shared understanding or interchange of thoughts and feelings between two subjects, coined by Edmund Husserl as a critique of Descartes' problem of other minds.
Interswitch Group
Interswitch Group is a Nigerian digital payments and commerce company founded by Mitchell Elegbe in 2002, operating in 32 African countries and owning the Verve card scheme and Quickteller.
Intersystem crossing
Intersystem crossing is a radiationless transition of an excited molecule between electronic states of different spin multiplicity, such as singlet to triplet, enabled by spin–orbit coupling and driving phosphorescence.
InterTAK study
InterTAK study (International Takotsubo Registry), founded 2011 at University Hospital Zurich, is the largest multicenter registry of takotsubo syndrome, with over 3,500 patients from 56 sites in 18 countries; it produced the InterTAK Diagnostic and Prognostic Scores.
Intertek
Intertek Group plc is a British testing, inspection, and certification company headquartered in London, operating over 1,000 laboratories and offices in more than 100 countries since 1885.
Intertemporal elasticity of substitution
The intertemporal elasticity of substitution (EIS, also IES) is a preference parameter measuring how strongly household consumption growth responds to changes in the real interest rate; published estimates range widely.
Intertextual analysis
Intertextual analysis is a method in literary studies that interprets a text by examining how it references, echoes, or transforms other texts rather than reading it in isolation.
Intertextuality
Intertextuality is a literary theory concept coined by Julia Kristeva in 1966 from Bakhtin's dialogism: every text is a mosaic of quotations, meaning through relations to prior texts, discourses, and culture.
Intertidal zone
The intertidal zone, also called the littoral zone, is the shore area between high and low tide, submerged at high tide and exposed to air at low tide.
Intertrigo
Intertrigo is inflammatory dermatitis of skin folds caused by friction, heat, and moisture, often secondarily infected by Candida; common in obesity and diabetes, with weak treatment evidence.
Intertrochanteric fracture of femur
Intertrochanteric fracture of femur (ICD-11 NC72.30): extracapsular hip fracture between the greater and lesser trochanters, AO/OTA 31A, common in osteoporotic elderly; treated by sliding hip screw or intramedullary nail, with 20-30% one-year mortality.
Intertropical Convergence Zone
The Intertropical Convergence Zone, also called the doldrums or the tropical rain belt, is a belt of intense rainfall near the equator where the trade winds converge.
Intertwiner
An intertwiner is an invariant tensor, typically SU(2), attached to nodes of spin networks and edges of spin foams in loop quantum gravity, encoding shape beyond face areas.
Interval (mathematics)
An interval in mathematics is a set of real numbers containing every number between any two of its members, such as the open and closed intervals.
Interval (music)
Musical interval: the distance between two pitches, harmonic or melodic, measured by frequency ratio, semitones, or cents. Covers just intonation ratios, 12-TET, the Pythagorean comma, cross-cultural scale evidence, and interval perception and training.
Interval appendectomy
Interval appendectomy is the planned, elective removal of the appendix 8 to 12 weeks after complicated appendicitis, such as an appendiceal abscess, was treated successfully without immediate surgery.
Interval arithmetic
Interval arithmetic, also known as interval analysis, is a numerical method in which quantities are carried as closed intervals, guaranteeing that results enclose the true value despite rounding errors.