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Ionic bonding
Ionic bonding, also known as electrovalent bonding, is the electrostatic attraction holding oppositely charged cations and anions together in a crystal lattice, as in sodium chloride.
Ionic capacitance in perovskite solar cells
Ionic capacitance in perovskite solar cells is a very large, slow capacitance arising from mobile ions, prominent since 2015 and a key cause of current–voltage hysteresis in measurements.
Ionic conductivity
Ionic conductivity measures how much ionic current a material carries per unit electric field, in siemens per meter, and is the central transport property of battery and solid electrolytes.
Ionic gelation
Ionic gelation is a mild, solvent-free encapsulation method that cross-links charged polymers with counter-ions in water to form hydrogel beads, microparticles, and nanoparticles for drugs and probiotics.
Ionic liquid
An ionic liquid is a salt that melts below 100 °C, usually a bulky organic cation paired with an organic or inorganic anion, giving low volatility.
Ionic liquid assisted synthesis
Ionic liquid assisted synthesis prepares zeolites, metal–organic frameworks, and nanoparticles using an ionic liquid, molten below 100 °C, as solvent, template, or stabilizer, first reported in 2004.
Ionic liquid electrolytes for lithium and sodium cells
Ionic liquid electrolytes are battery electrolytes in which the solvent is a room-temperature ionic liquid, offering nonflammability and high stability but suffering high viscosity and low conductivity.
Ionic liquid extraction of rare-earth elements
Ionic liquid extraction of rare-earth elements is a liquid–liquid separation method where salts molten at or near room temperature replace volatile organic solvents, improving rare-earth recovery and selectivity despite high costs.
Ionic liquid pretreatment
Ionic liquid pretreatment uses ionic liquids, salts that melt below 100 °C, to dissolve lignocellulosic biomass so cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin can be converted to fuels like ethanol.
Ionic liquid-enhanced CO2 electroreduction
Ionic liquid-enhanced CO2 electroreduction is the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in electrolytes containing ionic liquids, which lower overpotentials to about 50–150 mV and improve selectivity for fuels and chemicals.
Ionic liquids for carbon capture
Ionic liquids for carbon capture are room-temperature molten salts used as solvents, membranes, or sorbents to absorb CO2, studied as alternatives to energy-intensive amine solvents like MEA.
Ionic mobility
Ionic mobility is the drift velocity an ion attains in solution per unit electric field, independent of field strength and interchangeable with molar conductivity in describing electrolytes.
Ionic order
The Ionic order, also called the Ionian order, is one of the three principal classical Greek architectural orders, defined by columns crowned with scroll-like volutes, originating in Asia Minor in the mid-6th century BC.
Ionic polymer-metal composite
An ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) is a soft smart material that bends under low voltage and, conversely, generates a voltage when bent, used as an artificial-muscle actuator.
Ionic potential
Ionic potential is a chemical parameter introduced by G. H. Cartledge in 1928, defined as an ion's charge divided by its ionic radius, measuring its interaction strength.
Ionic radius
Ionic radius (ionic radii) is the effective size of an ion in a crystal, defined so cation and anion radii sum to the measured distance between nuclei.
Ionic Security
Ionic Security Inc., formerly Social Fortress, Inc., was an Atlanta, Georgia data-security company founded in 2011 by Adam Ghetti, acquired by Twilio in 2021 for $30.2 million.
Ionic skin
Ionic skin is an artificial-skin sensor using mobile ions, rather than electrons, to sense pressure, strain, temperature, and humidity; it is built from ionic conductors like hydrogels.
Ionic strength
Ionic strength (symbol I) is a measure of the total electrostatic environment of a solution, defined as half the sum of each ion's concentration times its charge squared.
Ionic thermoelectric
An ionic thermoelectric material converts a temperature difference into an electrical voltage using ions instead of electrons, with giant thermopowers of tens of mV/K suited to harvesting low-grade body and waste heat.
Ionic thermoelectric effect
The ionic thermoelectric effect is the generation of thermovoltage in ion-conducting materials like hydrogels when a temperature gradient is applied, with ions rather than electrons as charge carriers.
Ionic-liquid gating
Ionic-liquid gating is a technique that tunes electronic and magnetic properties using an ionic liquid forming an electric double layer, inducing far larger carrier densities than solid-gate transistors.
Ionis Pharmaceuticals
Ionis Pharmaceuticals (IONS), formerly Isis Pharmaceuticals, is a Carlsbad, California biotech pioneering antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) medicines. It markets SPINRAZA, QALSODY, WAINUA, TEGSEDI, WAYLIVRA, and TRYNGOLZA, and launched independently in 2025.
Ionity
Ionity is a European joint venture, founded in 2017 by BMW, Daimler, Ford, and Volkswagen, that operates high-power EV charging stations along highways in 24 countries.
Ionizable lipid
An ionizable lipid is a synthetic lipid that is neutral at physiological pH but positively charged in acidic endosomes, the key component of lipid nanoparticles for RNA delivery.
Ionizable lipid nanoparticles
Ionizable lipid nanoparticles are lipid vehicles whose pH-switchable ionizable lipids carry siRNA or mRNA into cells, delivering Onpattro and the Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines.
Ionizable lipid pKa optimization
Ionizable lipid pKa optimization tunes the protonation of ionizable lipids in lipid nanoparticles so they deliver RNA cargo efficiently, as in Onpattro and COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.
Ionization
Ionization is the process by which neutral atoms or molecules are converted into electrically charged ions, commonly by gaining or losing electrons, requiring the ionization energy.
Ionization chamber
An ionization chamber, or ion chamber, is a gas-filled radiation detector that collects ion pairs directly at two electrodes, serving as a standard dosimetry instrument.
Ionization cooling
Ionization cooling is a beam-cooling technique for muons in which an absorber and rf cavities reduce beam emittance; it is the only method fast enough for the muon's 2.2 μs lifetime.