774 articles
Engraulis anchoita
Engraulis anchoita (anchoita, Argentine anchovy), Hubbs & Marini 1935, a small pelagic Engraulidae fish from 20°S Brazil to 48°S Argentina; three stocks, IUCN Least Concern, fished mainly in Argentina.
Engraulis japonicus
Engraulis japonicus, the Japanese anchovy, is a small Northwest Pacific clupeiform fish of Engraulidae, described by Temminck & Schlegel in 1846, with 26–30 lower gill rakers, temperature-dependent spawning near 15 °C, and major fisheries in Japan, Korea, and China.
Engraulis mordax
Engraulis mordax, the northern anchovy (also North Pacific or California anchovy), is a small schooling forage fish from British Columbia to Baja California; IUCN Least Concern, boom-and-bust populations, US central subpopulation ACL 25,000 mt.
Epigonus telescopus
Epigonus telescopus (Risso, 1810), the black cardinal fish or telescope cardinal, is a deepwater cardinalfish (Epigonidae) of temperate Atlantic, Indian, and Southwest Pacific slopes, reaching 75 cm, living 104 years, at 75–1,305 m, IUCN Least Concern.
Epinephelus analogus
Epinephelus analogus, the spotted grouper or spotted cabrilla (cabrilla pinta), is an eastern Pacific grouper from southern California to Peru and Galapagos, reaching 114 cm and 22.3 kg, feeding on crustaceans and fishes, IUCN Least Concern.
Epinephelus coioides
Epinephelus coioides, the orange-spotted grouper or estuary cod (Hamilton, 1822), is an Indo-West Pacific grouper of reefs and estuaries, a protogynous hermaphrodite reaching 120 cm, fished and farmed commercially, IUCN Least Concern globally but Vulnerable in the UAE.
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, the brown-marbled grouper (also flowery cod, tiger grouper), is a Vulnerable Indo-Pacific serranid reef fish reaching 120 cm, fished and widely used in hybrid grouper aquaculture.
Epinephelus malabaricus
Epinephelus malabaricus, the Malabar grouper, is a large Indo-Pacific grouper found from the Red Sea to Tonga and among the most important species in regional fisheries and aquaculture.
Epinephelus marginatus
Epinephelus marginatus, the dusky or yellowbelly grouper, is a large protogynous hermaphroditic reef fish of rocky bottoms from the Mediterranean to South Africa and Brazil; IUCN Vulnerable, landings down about 86% (1992-2016).
Epinephelus morio
Epinephelus morio, red grouper (Mero americano), a western Atlantic grouper from Massachusetts to Brazil; protogynous hermaphrodite, seafloor-excavating ecosystem engineer, IUCN Vulnerable, major Gulf of Mexico and Campeche Bank fishery species.
Escolar
Escolar (Lepidocybium flavobrunneum, aburasokomutsu) is a deep-sea snake mackerel sold as white tuna; about 20% of its body weight is indigestible wax esters causing keriorrhea, and its sale is banned in Japan and Italy.
Esox
Esox, the pikes, is a genus of freshwater Esocidae fishes including northern pike (E. lucius), muskellunge (E. masquinongy), pickerels, Amur pike, and southern European species; elongate Holarctic ambush predators.
Ethmalosa fimbriata
Ethmalosa fimbriata, the bonga shad (basionym Clupea fimbriata), is a West African euryhaline clupeid from Western Sahara to Angola, estuary-dependent, a diatom filter feeder, and the basis of major artisanal fisheries.
Eurasian carp
Eurasian carp (Cyprinus carpio, common carp) is a cyprinid fish native to Black, Caspian, and Aral sea drainages, domesticated since about 6000 BC, a top farmed fish, and a widespread introduced pest in North America; IUCN Least Concern.
European seabass
European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax; Fr Bar européen, Es Lubina) is a euryhaline coastal fish of the northeast Atlantic to Black Sea, the first non-salmonid marine species farmed in Europe and a major Mediterranean aquaculture and recreational fishery species.
European sprat
European sprat (Sprattus sprattus, formerly Clupea sprattus), a small clupeid fish of the Northeast Atlantic, Baltic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea; max 25.1 cm, spawns 6,000–14,000 pelagic eggs, sold as brislings and used for fishmeal.
Euthynnus affinis
Euthynnus affinis, kawakawa or eastern little tuna (Cantor, 1849), an Indo-West Pacific neritic tuna of Scombridae; 18-29 degrees C, max ~100 cm, ~150,000 t/yr Indian Ocean catch, synonym Euthynnus yaito.
Evolution of fish
The evolution of fish, also called fish evolution, spans about 500 million years, from jawless armored creatures in ancient seas to the origin of jaws, bony skeletons, and today's dominant ray-finned fishes.
Fangtooth
Fangtooth (Anoplogaster cornuta, common fangtooth, ogrefish), a small bathypelagic fish of Anoplogastridae found worldwide in tropical to temperate seas, with the largest teeth relative to body size of any fish, living at 500–2,000 m depth.
Fiji mermaid
Fiji mermaid, also Feejee mermaid, a taxidermy hoax of a monkey torso sewn to a fish tail, famously exhibited by P.T. Barnum in 1842; actually made in Japan, inspired by ningyo folklore.
Fish
Fish: aquatic gill-breathing vertebrates with fins, spanning jawless, cartilaginous, and bony groups (not a true clade); over 32,000 species, ~500-million-year fossil record, and record 235 million tonnes of fisheries and aquaculture production in 2024.
Fish anatomy
Fish anatomy: body structure of bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish. Covers skeleton, tessellated cartilage, fins, myotomes, swim bladder, otoliths, lateral line, gills, and circulation.
Fish as food
Fish as food: fish and other aquatic animals eaten by humans, from capture fisheries and aquaculture. 89-90 percent of production is consumed as food; per capita intake rose from 9.0 kg (1961) to 20.5 kg (2019); farmed output surpassed wild catch in 2022.
Fish ball
Fish ball (魚蛋): a minced-fish or surimi ball with starch, salt, and seasonings, a southern Chinese and Southeast Asian staple; Hong Kong curry fish balls, Teochew white balls, Fuzhou pork-filled balls, 50% fish-content rules, and high sodium.
Fish fin
Fish fin: median fins (dorsal, anal, caudal) and paired fins (pectoral, pelvic) used for thrust, steering, and stability; BCF versus MPF swimming; regenerating teleost caudal fin; origin of paired fins and fin-to-limb transition.
Fish kill
Fish kill: mass death of fish or aquatic animals over a short period, also called fish die-off. Most often caused by low dissolved oxygen, algal blooms, toxins, pollution, disease, or gas bubble disease.
Fish migration
Fish migration: regular seasonal movements of fish between feeding and spawning habitats, including anadromy and catadromy; studied by acoustic and radio telemetry, threatened by dams, with migratory freshwater fish down 81% since 1970.
Fish oil
Fish oil, pressed from small pelagic fish like Peruvian anchoveta or from fish by-products, is rich in omega-3 EPA and DHA; about 73% goes to aquaculture feed, 16% to human supplements, with mixed cardiovascular trial evidence.
Fish reproduction
Fish reproduction covers spawning, sex change, and parental care in fishes; teleosts are the only vertebrates with sequential hermaphroditism (72% protogynous), and temperature strongly affects reproduction.
Fish scale
Fish scale: dermal, mineralized collagen-hydroxyapatite plates (cycloid, ctenoid, ganoid, cosmoid) overlapping on fish skin for protection; also used for fish aging and as biomimetic models for armor, sensors, and antifouling surfaces.