748 articles
Prp8
Prp8 (PRPF8), pre-mRNA processing factor 8, is the largest and most conserved spliceosomal protein, forming the catalytic cavity of the spliceosome, crosslinking all three splicing chemistry sites, evolving from a group II intron reverse transcriptase, and linked to retinitis pigmentosa.
PTBP1
PTBP1 (PTB, hnRNP I) is a ubiquitous human RNA-binding protein on chromosome 19p13.3 with four quasi-RRM domains that binds polypyrimidine tracts, regulating alternative splicing, neural development, metabolism, and cancer, and is central to the disputed glia-to-neuron conversion field.
PUF (Pumilio) proteins
PUF (Pumilio and FBF) proteins are conserved eukaryotic RNA-binding proteins with an eight-repeat PUM-HD domain that binds 3′UTR motifs such as UGUAnAUA, repressing targets via deadenylation; mammalian PUM1/PUM2 regulate stem cells, development, and neurology.
Putative aga operon transcriptional repressor-like
AgaR (P0ACK2, agaR, b3131) is the DeoR-family putative transcriptional repressor of the aga operon in E. coli K-12, controlling N-acetylgalactosamine and galactosamine transport and catabolism; distinct GntR-family AgaR proteins regulate aga operons in streptococci.
PVT1
PVT1 (plasmacytoma variant translocation 1), also LINC00079, is a long non-coding RNA oncogene at 8q24.21 downstream of MYC, co-amplified in cancers, encoding 26 linear and 26 circular isoforms plus six miRNAs, with biomarker and therapeutic potential.
Pyrrolysine-based genetic code expansion
Pyrrolysine-based genetic code expansion engineers the natural pyrrolysine machinery of methanogenic archaea to site-specifically insert hundreds of noncanonical amino acids into proteins in living cells.
Quantitative methylation-specific PCR
Quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) is a PCR method that measures DNA methylation at chosen loci in bisulfite-converted DNA, detecting methylated alleles down to 0.1% for cancer biomarker testing.
Quantitative reverse transcription PCR
Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is a molecular biology method that converts RNA to complementary DNA and amplifies it by real-time PCR, quantifying gene expression, microRNAs, and viral load.
Queuine
Queuine, free base of queuosine (Q), a 7-deazaguanine tRNA wobble modification made only by bacteria; eukaryotes obtain it from diet and gut microbiota via SLC35F2 and QTRT1/QTRT2 for tRNAs of Tyr, His, Asn, Asp.
Quorum sensing
Quorum sensing: density-dependent bacterial communication via autoinducers such as AHLs, peptides, and AI-2; discovered in Vibrio fischeri luminescence; regulates virulence and biofilms; target of quorum quenching.
Rapid amplification of cDNA ends
Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) is a PCR technique that copies the sequence between a known point in an RNA transcript and its unknown 3' or 5' end.
Rapid tRNA decay and hypomodification surveillance
Rapid tRNA decay (RTD) is a quality-control pathway that degrades mature transfer RNAs lacking modifications or with unstable stems, using 5′→3′ exonucleases; related nuclear surveillance targets hypomodified initiator tRNA.
RapZ-like family
RapZ-like family: bacterial RNA-binding adaptor proteins represented by E. coli RapZ, a tetrameric protein that binds sRNA GlmZ and recruits RNase E to cleave it, regulating glmS and GlcN6P synthesis.
RBM3
RBM3 (RNA-binding motif protein 3), also called RNA-binding protein 3, is a glycine-rich cold-inducible RNA-binding protein at Xp11.23, upregulated at 32–34 °C, that enhances global protein synthesis, mediates hypothermia-induced neuroprotection, and acts as a context-dependent cancer biomarker.
RBPJ
RBPJ (CBF1, RBP-Jκ, Su(H), CSL; HGNC 5724) is a human gene encoding the DNA-binding transcriptional switch of Notch signaling, repressing target genes until NICD converts it to an activator; linked to Adams-Oliver syndrome 3 and cancer.
Regulation of alternative splicing
Regulation of alternative splicing is the set of mechanisms cells use to choose which exons join, so one gene yields different protein isoforms in different tissues.
Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression, also called gene regulation, covers the mechanisms that determine which of a cell's genes are active, how strongly, and when, underlying development and disease.
Regulator Genes
Regulator genes (regulatory genes) code for proteins or RNAs that regulate other genes' expression; defined in MeSH D005809 and originating in Jacob and Monod's 1961 operon model with repressors such as lacI.
Regulatory epitranscriptomics of rRNA and small RNAs
Regulatory epitranscriptomics of rRNA and small RNAs studies chemical modifications on ribosomal RNA, snRNAs, snoRNAs, and miRNAs, and evidence that these modifications are dynamically regulated.
Regulon
Regulon: a set of genes or operons controlled by one regulatory protein or transcription factor; distinct from a stimulon; includes sigma-factor, RpoS, and eukaryotic regulons.
Repeated sequence (DNA)
Repeated sequence (DNA), or repetitive DNA, includes tandem repeats (microsatellites, minisatellites, satellite DNA) and dispersed transposable repeats. Over 50% of the human genome is repetitive; repeats mutate rapidly, serve as forensic markers, and cause diseases like Huntington's.
Repressor
Repressor: DNA-binding protein that decreases gene expression by blocking transcription; founding example is the lac repressor of Jacob and Monod (1961), basis of negative gene regulation, operon model, and 1965 Nobel Prize.
Repressor of RNA polymerase III transcription Maf1
Maf1 (MAF1) is the conserved global repressor of RNA polymerase III transcription, regulating tRNA and 5S rRNA synthesis via phosphorylation-controlled nuclear localization through TORC1, PKA, and PP4/PP2A signaling.
Response element
Response element: short DNA sequence (hormone response element, HRE, CRE, TRE, ARE) bound by transcription factors or nuclear receptors to regulate gene transcription; defined by AGAACA/AGGTCA hexamer motifs and dimer binding.
REST (gene)
REST (RE1-silencing transcription factor), also known as NRSF, is a human gene encoding a zinc-finger transcriptional repressor that silences neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells and is linked to deafness and Alzheimer's disease.
Retinoic acid receptor
Retinoic acid receptor (RAR, NR1B): nuclear receptor for vitamin A's active metabolite retinoic acid, discovered 1987; three isoforms α, β, γ; acts as RAR–RXR heterodimer at RAREs; PML–RARα drives acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Revusiran
Revusiran (ALN-TTRsc), Alnylam's GalNAc-conjugated siRNA for hereditary ATTR amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy; its phase 3 ENDEAVOUR trial was halted in 2016 over a mortality imbalance, and development was discontinued.
Rfam
Rfam is a curated database of non-coding RNA families, each with a seed alignment, consensus secondary structure, and covariance model searched via Infernal. Founded 2002; release 15.1 (2026) holds 4,227 families; excludes piRNAs and lncRNAs.
Ribonuclease CAF1
Ribonuclease CAF1 (Caf1/Pop2; human CNOT7/CNOT8) is a DEDD-superfamily poly(A)-specific 3'-5' exoribonuclease and catalytic deadenylase subunit of the Ccr4-Not mRNA decay complex, structurally distinct from TOE1/hCaf1z.
Ribonuclease D
Ribonuclease D (RNase D), rnd gene product of Escherichia coli, is a DEDD-family 3'→5' exoribonuclease that trims tRNA precursors and degrades damaged tRNA as a backup to RNase T and RNase PH.