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Ribonuclease E
Ribonuclease E (RNase E, rne gene) is an essential bacterial endoribonuclease, a tetramer scaffolded in the membrane-bound RNA degradosome with PNPase, RhlB, and enolase, initiating tRNA processing and most mRNA decay in E. coli.
Ribonuclease P
Ribonuclease P (RNase P) is a ribonucleoprotein endonuclease, found in all three domains of life, whose RNA subunit catalyzes cleavage of the 5' leader from precursor tRNAs; protein-only PRORP and HARP variants exist in plants, mitochondria, and some bacteria.
Ribosomal DNA repeat array
A ribosomal DNA repeat array is a tandem cluster of rRNA genes; in humans the arrays sit on five acrocentric chromosomes and form the nucleolar organizer regions.
Ribosomal protein mS81
Ribosomal protein mS81, also called rPPR8 (Arabidopsis AT5G15980, UniProt Q8LPF1), is a pentatricopeptide repeat protein of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit head extension in plants, with a 355-residue counterpart in Tetrahymena.
Ribosomal protein mS82
Ribosomal protein mS82 is a mitochondrial mitoribosomal protein named under the unified nomenclature; in plants encoded by Arabidopsis AT4G22000 (tyrosine sulfotransferase-like), actually a large-subunit protein pending renaming, with no bacterial, yeast, or mammalian homologs.
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), including 16S, 23S, 5S, 18S, 28S, and 5.8S forms, is the most abundant cellular RNA and the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes, catalyzing peptide bond formation and serving as the target of most antibiotics.
Ribosome assembly and maturation factors
Ribosome assembly and maturation factors are non-ribosomal proteins that chaperone, remodel, and proofread ribosomal subunits, with about 50 acting in bacteria and over 200 in eukaryotes.
Ribosome biogenesis protein Alb1
Alb1 (ALB1, UniProt P47019) is a 175-amino-acid yeast nuclear shuttling factor in 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis; it partners with Arx1, escorts pre-60S particles to the cytoplasm, and is released by the AAA-ATPase Drg1, distinct from Arabidopsis ALBINA 1.
Ribosome recycling factor
Ribosome recycling factor (RRF), bacterial protein encoded by frr, works with EF-G and GTP hydrolysis to split post-termination 70S ribosomes into subunits; essential in prokaryotes, absent in eukaryotes, which use ABCE1.
Riboswitch
A riboswitch is a regulatory segment of messenger RNA that binds a specific small molecule without proteins and switches metabolic genes on or off, mostly in bacteria.
Ribozyme
Ribozyme: catalytic RNA enzyme, also called RNA enzyme or catalytic RNA. Discovered by Cech and Altman (1989 Nobel Prize); natural classes include hammerhead, hairpin, HDV, VS, group I/II introns, and RNase P; the ribosome's rRNA is a ribozyme.
Rickettsial palindromic element 1
Rickettsial palindromic element 1 (RPE-1) is a ~141 bp palindromic DNA repeat family of Rickettsia bacteria, first found in R. conorii, that inserts in-frame within protein-coding and RNA genes and encodes ~50-amino-acid peptides.
RIP-chip
RIP-chip (ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation followed by microarray analysis) is a molecular biology method that identifies RNAs recovered with a chosen RNA-binding protein in a cell population.
RIP-seq
RIP-seq, or RNA immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing, is a molecular biology method that identifies the RNAs bound to a chosen RNA-binding protein inside cells, reporting transcript-level enrichment rather than exact binding sites.
Rixosome
Rixosome: conserved multi-subunit nuclear complex (PELP1, WDR18, TEX10, LAS1L, NOL9, SENP3) that removes ITS2 during ribosome assembly and silences Polycomb target genes by degrading nascent RNA via XRN2.
RNA
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single-stranded nucleic acid with ribose and uracil that carries genetic information, catalyzes reactions, and regulates genes; classes include mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and microRNA, and 27 RNA therapeutics were FDA-approved as of August 2026.
RNA activation
RNA activation (RNAa): gene upregulation by 21-nt small activating RNAs (saRNAs) targeting promoters via Ago2 and the RITA complex, conserved from C. elegans to humans; MTL-CEBPA is in clinical trials.
RNA amplification
RNA amplification is a molecular biology technique that copies RNA from very small samples into larger amounts for microarray hybridization or sequencing, classically by T7 in vitro transcription.
RNA biology
RNA biology: the life-science field studying RNA structure, processing, modifications, and regulatory roles, and the source of RNAi, CRISPR-Cas9, and mRNA vaccines; also the name of the Taylor & Francis journal RNA Biology (ISSN 1547-6286, founded 2004).
RNA editing
RNA editing: post-transcriptional alteration of RNA sequences (A-to-I by ADAR, C-to-U by APOBEC, uridine insertion/deletion) that recodes transcripts without changing DNA; reversible, doseable, and the basis of emerging therapeutic RNA base editors.
RNA editing and modification in cancer
RNA editing and modification in cancer describes how ADAR-mediated A-to-I editing and m6A methylation by METTL3 and related enzymes promote or suppress tumors like glioblastoma and liver cancer.
RNA editing in neurological and immune disease
RNA editing in neurological and immune disease describes how ADAR-mediated A-to-I editing, when deficient or excessive, contributes to ALS, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Aicardi–Goutières syndrome, and autoimmune inflammation.
RNA editing in plant organelles
RNA editing in plant organelles is the post-transcriptional conversion of cytidine to uridine in chloroplast and mitochondrial transcripts of land plants, discovered in 1989 and guided by PPR proteins.
RNA elements and technologies
RNA elements are sequences and structures within an RNA molecule that regulate or catalyze that same molecule without proteins, including metabolite-sensing riboswitches and ribozymes, the catalytic RNAs discovered in 1982.
RNA guanine-N7 methyltransferase activating subunit
RAMAC (RAM, FAM103A1, C15orf18) is a human 118-aa nuclear protein, the vertebrate-specific activating subunit of the RNMT:RAMAC mRNA cap methyltransferase complex that methylates the N7 position of the mRNA 5' cap guanosine.
RNA immunoprecipitation
RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) is a molecular biology technique that uses an antibody against a protein to isolate the RNAs bound to it, read out by PCR, microarray, or sequencing.
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi), or post-transcriptional gene silencing, is double-stranded-RNA-triggered gene silencing via Dicer, siRNA, and Argonaute/RISC. Discovered by Fire and Mello (1998, Nobel 2006); basis of siRNA drugs like patisiran and inclisiran.
RNA modification databases
RNA modification databases are curated bioinformatic resources organizing RNA chemical modifications, split into chemistry catalogs like MODOMICS and site atlases like RMBase, Sci-ModoM, and DirectRMDB.
RNA polymerase I
RNA polymerase I is the eukaryotic enzyme that transcribes ribosomal RNA genes in the nucleolus, producing the precursor of the 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNAs.
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is the 12-subunit, ~500 kDa eukaryotic enzyme that transcribes mRNA and many non-coding RNAs; its YSPTSPS CTD repeats, DSIF/NELF pausing, P-TEFb release, and cryo-EM structures distinguish it from Pol I and Pol III.