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Sup35p
Sup35p (SUP35, eRF3) is the essential yeast translation termination factor whose self-propagating amyloid prion state is the non-Mendelian element [PSI+], causing stop-codon readthrough; domains N, M, C; Hsp104-dependent propagation.
SUV39H1
SUV39H1 (KMT1A), human histone lysine methyltransferase at Xp11.23, first identified H3K9 enzyme; with SUV39H2 it mediates bulk H3K9 trimethylation at pericentric heterochromatin and telomeres, repressing genes and stabilizing genomes.
SWI5-dependent HO expression protein 3
She3p (SWI5-dependent HO expression protein 3) is a cytoplasmic adaptor protein in budding yeast. It forms a transport complex to carry transcripts into the growing bud.
Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment
Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) is an in vitro selection method, reported in 1990, that iteratively enriches oligonucleotide pools to isolate aptamers binding a target molecule.
Systemic RNA interference and SID-1-mediated dsRNA uptake
Systemic RNA interference is the spread of RNA silencing between cells and tissues; in C. elegans it depends on the transmembrane protein SID-1, which imports double-stranded RNA.
T-box leader
T-box leader (Rfam RF00230) is a bacterial riboswitch RNA in 5' leaders of amino acid genes that binds uncharged cognate tRNA at a specifier sequence and antiterminator bulge, senses aminoacylation sterically, and controls transcription or translation, mainly in Firmicutes.
T-box transcription factor
T-box transcription factors are an ancient family of developmental DNA-binding proteins defined by a 180–200 amino acid T-box domain, founded by Brachyury (mouse T gene, 1927), with roles in mesoderm, heart, limb, and lung development and links to DiGeorge, Holt–Oram syndrome, and cancer.
T-box transcription factor, DNA-binding domain
The T-box DNA-binding domain is the roughly 180-residue conserved domain defining T-box transcription factors such as Brachyury, TBX5, and TBR1, which bind the TCACACCT consensus as monomers or dimers and regulate development, congenital syndromes, and cancer.
T7 RNA polymerase
T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP), the gene 1 product of bacteriophage T7, is a 99-kDa single-subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the industry-standard enzyme for in vitro transcription of mRNA, engineered variants of which reduce immunostimulatory dsRNA byproducts.
Targeted RNA sequencing
Targeted RNA sequencing is a method that enriches a selected set of transcripts before sequencing, trading whole-transcriptome breadth for deeper coverage, lower cost per sample, and very small RNA inputs.
TATA box
TATA box (Goldberg-Hogness box): conserved eukaryotic core promoter element, consensus TATAWAWN, about 25-35 bp upstream of the transcription start site, bound by TBP of TFIID to nucleate preinitiation complex assembly; present in only about 24% of human promoters.
TATA-binding protein
TATA-binding protein (TBP): essential general transcription factor of eukaryotes and archaea that binds the TATA box minor groove, bends DNA about 80 degrees, and nucleates preinitiation complexes; bacteria use sigma factors instead.
TATA-binding protein-associated factor Mot1
Mot1 (BTAF1 in humans) is an essential yeast Swi2/Snf2-family ATPase that binds TBP and uses ATP hydrolysis to eject TBP from promoter DNA, both repressing and activating transcription and redistributing TBP genome-wide.
TBP
TBP (TATA-box binding protein) is a conserved general transcription factor, DNA-binding subunit of TFIID, SL1, and TFIIIB, required for initiation by all three eukaryotic RNA polymerases; CAG repeat expansion causes SCA17.
TBP-associated factors
TBP-associated factors (TAFs) are protein subunits that join the TATA-binding protein to form TFIID, the complex that recognizes core promoters and starts assembly of the transcription machinery in eukaryotic cells.
TCF7L1
TCF7L1 (Tcf3), transcription factor 7 like 1, a TCF/LEF family transcriptional repressor in Wnt/β-catenin signaling; β-catenin inactivates it by removing it from DNA and triggering degradation; key in ESC pluripotency, development, and cancer.
TCF7L2
TCF7L2 (formerly TCF4), transcription factor 7 like 2, is an HMG-box Wnt/β-catenin transcription factor and the strongest common genetic risk gene for type 2 diabetes via rs7903146.
Telomerase activating protein Est1-like, N-terminal
Est1-like telomerase activating protein, N-terminal: N-terminal region of Est1 (ever shorter telomeres 1), a telomerase accessory protein conserved from budding yeast to humans that recruits telomerase to telomeres via Cdc13 and stimulates telomerase activity.
TERC
TERC (telomerase RNA component, hTR, TR) is the human chromosome 3 ncRNA gene encoding telomerase's RNA template for TTAGGG telomere repeats; mutations cause autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita, pulmonary fibrosis, and aplastic anemia.
TET-assisted bisulfite sequencing
TET-assisted bisulfite sequencing (TAB-seq) is a bench biology method that maps 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at single-base resolution and quantifies its abundance at each modified cytosine, introduced in Cell in 2012.
TFEB
TFEB (transcription factor EB), also called TCFEB or BHLHE35, is a MiT/TFE family bHLH-Zip transcription factor and master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, binding CLEAR motifs and controlled by mTORC1 phosphorylation.
TFIIIB, TFIIIC and RNA polymerase III initiation
TFIIIB and TFIIIC are the general transcription factors that initiate RNA polymerase III transcription: TFIIIC binds internal A/B box promoters and recruits the TBP-Brf1-Bdp1 TFIIIB, which positions Pol III and supports multiple reinitiation rounds.
Thiolation of wobble uridine in tRNA
Thiolation of wobble uridine in tRNA is the enzymatic replacement of uridine 34's oxygen with sulfur, forming 2-thiouridine in tRNAs for glutamate, glutamine, and lysine.
Three prime untranslated region
The 3′ UTR (three prime untranslated region) is the noncoding mRNA segment after the stop codon, carrying microRNA and RNA-binding protein sites that control mRNA stability, translation, and localization, and diversified by alternative polyadenylation.
Thyroid hormone receptor
Thyroid hormone receptor (TR, TRα/TRβ, THRA/THRB): nuclear T3-activated transcription factor binding DNA as RXR heterodimer on TREs; cloned 1986, structure 1995; TRβ mutations cause RTH.
TRAMP complex
TRAMP (Trf4/5-Air1/2-Mtr4 polyadenylation complex) is a yeast nuclear complex of a poly(A) polymerase, zinc-knuckle protein, and Mtr4 helicase that oligoadenylates aberrant RNAs for exosome degradation; homologs exist in humans.
Trans-acting siRNA
Trans-acting siRNA (ta-siRNA, tasiRNA) is a plant-specific 21-nt phased siRNA made from TAS loci via miRNA cleavage, SGS3, RDR6, and DCL4; it silences genes in trans, notably ARFs through the conserved miR390-TAS3 pathway.
Trans-splicing
Trans-splicing joins exons from separate pre-mRNA molecules into one mature mRNA, unlike cis-splicing. Known as spliced leader trans-splicing in trypanosomes and nematodes, rare in humans, and used therapeutically via SMaRT and split inteins.
Transcription (biology)
Transcription (biology): RNA polymerase copies DNA into RNA at promoters through initiation, elongation, and termination. Bacteria use one RNAP with sigma factors; eukaryotes use Pol I, II, III with TFII factors, TATA boxes, and chromatin remodeling by FACT.
Transcription activator-like effector
A transcription activator-like effector (TALE) is a protein secreted by Xanthomonas plant-pathogenic bacteria that enters plant cell nuclei and activates host genes to promote or trigger defense against disease.