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Transcriptome assembly
Transcriptome assembly is a bioinformatics method that reconstructs transcript sequences, including alternatively spliced isoforms, from short-read RNA sequencing data, de novo or genome-guided, serving researchers studying organisms without reference genomes.
TRANSFAC
TRANSFAC (TRANScription FACtor database) is a commercial, manually curated database of eukaryotic transcription factors, their DNA binding sites, and PWM binding models, begun at GBF Braunschweig in 1988 and distinct from open-access JASPAR and HOCOMOCO.
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA), the adaptor RNA of translation, 70-90 nucleotides, cloverleaf/L-shaped, decodes mRNA codons via anticodon and wobble modifications; also source of tRF/tsRNA regulators and engineered sup-tRNA medicines.
Transfer RNA processing
Transfer RNA processing is the set of enzymatic steps converting a primary tRNA transcript into a mature tRNA, including 5′ and 3′ trimming, CCA addition, and intron splicing.
Translation (biology)
Translation (biology): ribosomal protein synthesis from mRNA using the genetic code; stages initiation, elongation, termination; Nirenberg-Khorana 1968 Nobel code work; major antibiotic target.
Translation initiation factor 3
Translation initiation factor 3 (IF3, infC gene product) is a bacterial two-domain protein that binds the 30S ribosomal subunit, blocks premature 50S joining, and enforces start codon fidelity; its AUU start codon enables autoregulation.
Translational profiling
Translational profiling is a set of molecular biology methods measuring which mRNAs in a cell are translated into protein, typically by deep sequencing of ribosome-protected fragments.
Translational regulator CsrA
CsrA (RsmA), carbon storage regulator A, is a 61-amino-acid homodimeric bacterial RNA-binding protein that represses or activates translation by binding GGA motifs in mRNAs, antagonized by CsrB/C sRNAs; not the sepsis-prediction CSRA or class-specific residual attention.
Translocase
Translocase: the GTPase enzyme moving tRNA–mRNA one codon through the ribosome during translation elongation; EF-G in bacteria, eEF2 in eukaryotes, EF4 catalyzing back-translocation.
TREX complex
TREX (TRanscription-EXport) complex, also called the transcription-export complex, is a conserved THO-UAP56-ALYREF multiprotein assembly that licenses mature mRNA for NXF1-mediated nuclear export, distinct from TREX-2.
Trichostatin A
Trichostatin A (TSA) is a Streptomyces-derived antibiotic that potently and reversibly inhibits histone deacetylases; too toxic for a drug, it became a cornerstone epigenetics research tool.
Trichothiodystrophy
Trichothiodystrophy (TTD), also called Tay syndrome or sulfur-deficient brittle hair syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with tiger-tail brittle hair, ichthyosis, developmental delay, and photosensitivity without skin cancer risk.
Trithorax-group proteins
Trithorax-group (TrxG) proteins, also called trxG, are conserved chromatin regulators that activate genes via H3K4 methylation (COMPASS/MLL complexes) and SWI/SNF remodeling, antagonizing Polycomb silencing; MLL1 causes leukemia.
tRNA 3′-end maturation
tRNA 3′-end maturation: RNase trimming of precursor 3′ ends and template-independent CCA addition by CCA-adding enzyme (tRNA nucleotidyltransferase), classes I and II, plus CCACCA quality-control tagging.
tRNA identity elements
tRNA identity elements are the nucleotides that tell aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to attach the correct amino acid, located mainly in the anticodon loop and acceptor stem of the tRNA.
tRNA isoacceptors and isodecoders
tRNA isoacceptors are transfer RNAs carrying the same amino acid but with different anticodons, while isodecoders share an anticodon yet differ in body sequence, with distinct functional and disease consequences.
tRNA methyltransferases
tRNA methyltransferases are enzymes that transfer methyl groups onto transfer RNA, the adaptor RNA delivering amino acids to the ribosome; methylation is the most frequent of about 90 reported tRNA modifications.
tRNA modification epitranscriptomics
tRNA modification epitranscriptomics is the study of chemical modifications on tRNA as dynamic regulatory marks that control translation, with links to stress, neurodevelopment, and cancer.
tRNA pseudouridine synthases
tRNA pseudouridine synthases, or Pus enzymes, are enzymes that convert specific uridines in transfer RNA to pseudouridine; humans encode 13, and mutations in PUS1, PUS3, and PUS7 cause rare diseases.
tRNA-derived small RNA
tRNA-derived small RNAs are short RNA molecules produced by cutting transfer RNAs or their precursors, not by dedicated transcription. They include 14–30 nucleotide tRFs and 28–36 nucleotide tiRNAs, and regulate translation, stress responses, and retrotransposon silencing.
tRNA-guanine transglycosylase
tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (TGT, EC 2.4.2.29, QTRT) exchanges guanine in tRNA for 7-deazaguanines, producing queuosine or archaeosine at the wobble position via a covalent aspartate intermediate.
tRNA-specific 2-thiouridylase MnmA-like
tRNA-specific 2-thiouridylase MnmA-like (InterPro IPR004506): ATP-dependent enzyme family installing sulfur at wobble uridine 34 of tRNAs for Glu, Gln, Lys; bacterial MnmA and mitochondrial Mtu1; [4Fe-4S]-dependent.
tRNA(Ile2) 2-agmatinylcytidine synthetase
tRNA(Ile2) 2-agmatinylcytidine synthetase, also called tRNA(Ile2) agmatidine synthetase (TiaS), is an archaeal enzyme that attaches agmatine to the wobble cytidine of isoleucine tRNA, producing agmatidine, required for accurate AUA decoding.
TRNT1-related SIFD
TRNT1-related SIFD is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by variants in the TRNT1 gene, combining sideroblastic anemia, recurrent fevers, B-cell immunodeficiency, and developmental delay, first described in 2013.
Trp operon
Trp operon: bacterial gene cluster (trpEDCBA in E. coli) encoding tryptophan biosynthesis enzymes, regulated by trpR repression and leader-peptide attenuation (~600-fold combined control); B. subtilis uses TRAP instead.
Trp operon leader peptide
Trp operon leader peptide (trpL): 14-residue E. coli leader peptide with tandem Trp codons at positions 10 and 11; ribosome stalling there controls trp attenuator termination, regulating tryptophan biosynthesis.
Trp repressor
Trp repressor (TrpR, trpR gene product) is the tryptophan-activated homodimeric helix-turn-helix repressor of E. coli that binds the trp operator to repress trpEDCBA, aroH, mtr, aroL, and trpR transcription.
TRRAP
TRRAP (transformation/transcription domain-associated protein, PAF400) is a 434 kDa human pseudokinase at 7q22.1, a shared subunit of SAGA, NuA4/TIP60, and PCAF HAT complexes that recruits them to chromatin for transcription and DNA repair; pathogenic variants cause autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder and hearing loss.
TUG1
TUG1 (taurine up-regulated 1, LINC00080) is a human lncRNA gene at 22q12.2, discovered in taurine-treated mouse retinal cells, a p53-regulated PRC2-binding transcript dysregulated in cancers, kidney disease, and autoimmune disease.
Twintron
Twintron: an intron nested within another intron, first found in Euglena gracilis chloroplast psbF in 1991; the inner intron must splice before the outer one, with cases in bacteria, archaea, fungi, and plants.