748 articles
Drosha
Drosha (DROSHA, RNASEN) is the nuclear RNase III enzyme of the Microprocessor complex with DGCR8 that cleaves pri-miRNA stem loops about 11 bp from the basal junction, releasing ~70-nt pre-miRNAs; mutations link it to Wilms tumor, MDS, and neurodevelopmental syndromes.
Dual RNA-seq
Dual RNA-seq is a transcriptomics method that simultaneously sequences host and pathogen RNA from one infected sample, separating the two transcriptomes computationally rather than physically.
Dyskeratosis congenita
Dyskeratosis congenita (Zinsser–Engman–Cole syndrome) is a rare inherited telomere biology disorder causing very short telomeres, the mucocutaneous triad of nail dystrophy, reticular pigmentation, and oral leukoplakia, plus bone marrow failure and cancer risk.
E-box
E-box (enhancer box, Ephrussi box): DNA motif 5'-CANNTG-3' bound mainly by bHLH transcription factors as dimers; regulates muscle, neural, circadian, and cancer genes; common variant CACGTG (G-box).
E2F2
E2F2 (E2F transcription factor 2, HGNC:3114) is a human activator E2F transcription factor that binds DP proteins and pRB, controls G1/S cell cycle progression, and acts as tumor suppressor in T cell lymphoma but oncogene in ovarian cancer.
Ecdysteroid receptor
Ecdysteroid receptor (EcR): invertebrate nuclear receptor binding 20-hydroxyecdysone, functioning as an EcR-USP heterodimer, cloned 1991 in Drosophila, target of dibenzoylhydrazine insecticides and gene-switch systems.
eCLIP
eCLIP, or enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation, is a molecular biology method mapping RNA-binding protein contacts transcriptome-wide at single-nucleotide resolution, introduced by Van Nostrand in 2016.
Editing and modification of viral RNA
Editing and modification of viral RNA is the process by which host enzymes such as ADAR and APOBEC edit viral genomes and add chemical marks like m6A.
Editing and proofreading by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
Editing and proofreading by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are hydrolytic quality-control reactions that remove wrong amino acids and mischarged tRNAs, maintaining the accuracy of the genetic code.
EEF2
EEF2, also known as elongation factor 2, is a GTP-binding protein essential for protein synthesis in eukaryotes, catalyzing ribosomal translocation and serving as the target of diphthamide-binding toxins.
EF-G
EF-G (elongation factor G; EF2 in archaea and eukaryotes) is the conserved translational GTPase that catalyzes ribosomal translocation of tRNA and mRNA by one codon, using GTP hydrolysis, Pi release, and an unlocking motion, and also aids ribosome recycling with RRF.
EF-Ts
EF-Ts (elongation factor thermo stable, tsf gene) is the bacterial guanine nucleotide exchange factor that reactivates EF-Tu by exchanging GDP for GTP, accelerating GDP release 6 × 10^4-fold; eukaryotic counterpart EF1B.
EF-Tu
EF-Tu (EF1A), bacterial GTPase elongation factor delivering aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome as aa-tRNA·EF-Tu·GTP; GTP hydrolysis triggered by His84-SRL contact; key to translation accuracy and the most abundant E. coli protein.
EGFL7
EGFL7 (VE-statin), a secreted 278-amino-acid endothelial protein with two EGF-like domains, regulates vascular tubulogenesis and Notch signaling; its gene hosts miR-126 and it is a biomarker in cancer, stroke, MS, and preeclampsia.
EGFR-AS1
EGFR-AS1 (EGFR antisense RNA 1) is a human long non-coding RNA transcribed opposite the EGFR gene that raises EGFR output and drives tumor proliferation, invasion, and treatment resistance.
EGR2
EGR2 (Krox20) is a zinc-finger transcription factor gene on 10q21.3, master regulator of Schwann cell myelination with SOX10 and NAB corepressors, required for hindbrain segmentation, and mutated in CMT1D, CMT4E, Dejerine-Sottas syndrome, and congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy.
EIF2
EIF2 (eukaryotic initiation factor 2) is a heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein, subunits alpha, beta, gamma, that delivers initiator Met-tRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit; its alpha subunit phosphorylation by HRI, PKR, PERK, GCN2 drives the integrated stress response.
EIF2B
eIF2B is a five-subunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor that recycles eIF2–GDP into eIF2–GTP, restarting translation initiation; phosphorylated eIF2α inhibits it, triggering the integrated stress response.
EIF2S1
EIF2S1 (eIF2α, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha, Gene ID 1965) is the 36-kD alpha subunit of human eIF2, phosphorylated at Ser51 by the four integrated stress response kinases PERK, PKR, GCN2, and HRI to inhibit translation.
EIF4A1
EIF4A1, also called DDX2A, encodes eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1, an ATP-dependent RNA helicase of the DEAD-box family that unwinds 5' UTR structures during translation initiation and is targeted in cancer drug development.
EIF4G
EIF4G (eukaryotic initiation factor 4G) is the scaffolding protein of the eIF4F complex, which recruits ribosomes to messenger RNA; mammals encode three forms, eIF4G1, eIF4G2, and eIF4G3.
EIF5A
EIF5A (eIF5A1, formerly eIF-4D) is an essential eukaryotic translation factor, the only protein carrying hypusine, formed by DHPS and DOHH from spermidine at lysine 50; it promotes elongation, especially at polyproline motifs, and termination.
ELAVL/Hu proteins
ELAVL/Hu proteins (HuR/ELAVL1, HuB/ELAVL2, HuC/ELAVL3, HuD/ELAVL4) are ARE-binding RNA-recognition-motif proteins that stabilize mRNAs; HuR is ubiquitous and oncogenic when cytoplasmic, the others neuronal.
ELF3
ELF3 (ESE-1, ESX, ERT, EPR-1), E74 like ETS transcription factor 3 at 1q32.1, is an epithelium-specific ETS transcription factor regulating differentiation, EMT, inflammation, and cancers, acting as tumor suppressor or oncogene by context.
Elongin BC and Polycomb repressive complex 2-associated protein EPOP-like
EPOP-like names proteins homologous to EPOP (C17orf96, esPRC2p48), a mammalian PRC2.1 accessory subunit with an N-terminal BC-box binding Elongin BC and a C-terminal SUZ12-binding region.
ENCODE
ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements), NHGRI-funded consortium launched 2003 mapping functional elements in human and mouse genomes; phases through ENCODE 4, 80.4% biochemical-activity claim, open data portal.
Enhancer (genetics)
Enhancer (genetics): cis-regulatory DNA elements binding transcription factors to boost distal gene expression; first shown with SV40 in 1981; over a million candidate enhancers span ~16% of the human genome.
Enhancer RNA
Enhancer RNA (eRNA): non-coding RNA transcribed by RNA polymerase II from active enhancers, typically bidirectional and unstable; marks enhancer activity and aids enhancer-promoter looping, TF trapping, and pause release.
Enzyme Induction
Enzyme induction: increased synthesis of an inducible enzyme in response to an inducer, classically via repressor-operator control (lac operon) and, in drug metabolism, via nuclear receptor activation of CYP enzymes, causing drug-drug interactions.
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: heritable control of transcription without DNA sequence change, via DNA methylation (DNMTs, TETs), histone modification, Polycomb complexes, and noncoding RNA.