748 articles
ERCC2
ERCC2 (XPD) is a human gene on chromosome 19 encoding a 761-amino-acid TFIIH helicase used in transcription initiation and nucleotide excision repair; mutations cause xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy, and overlap syndromes, and somatic mutations mark cisplatin-sensitive bladder cancer.
ERG
ERG (ETS transcription factor ERG, Gene ID 2078) is a human ETS-family transcription factor on chromosome 21q22.2 regulating endothelium and hematopoiesis, and an oncogenic fusion partner in TMPRSS2-ERG prostate cancer, EWS-ERG Ewing sarcoma, and FUS-ERG AML.
Estrogen receptor
Estrogen receptor (ER; ESR1/ESR2): nuclear receptor for estrogen, subtypes ERα and ERβ, discovered by Jensen in 1958; drives gene transcription, marks ER-positive breast cancer, and is the target of SERMs and SERDs.
Ethylene insensitive 3
Ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3), also EIN3-like (EIL), is a nuclear plant transcription factor, the master regulator of ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis, degraded by EBF1/2, targeting ERF1, with a novel DNA-binding fold.
ETS family
ETS family: E26 transformation-specific transcription factors, ~28 human members defined by an ~85-amino-acid winged helix-turn-helix ETS domain binding GGAA/T motifs; roles in hematopoiesis, immunity, and cancer fusions such as TMPRSS2–ERG and EWS–FLI1.
Euchromatin
Euchromatin is the decondensed, gene-rich, early-replicating chromatin fraction carrying active genes, promoters, and enhancers; coined by Emil Heitz in 1928 as the lightly stained, genetically active counterpart of heterochromatin.
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4F
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F, eIF4E-eIF4G-eIF4A) is the heterotrimeric complex that binds the m7G cap of eukaryotic mRNAs and recruits ribosomes; regulated by 4E-BP/mTOR, targeted in cancer, bypassed by IRES and eIF3d mechanisms.
Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor GTP-binding subunit
Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor GTP-binding subunit (eRF3, Sup35/ERF3) is the essential GTPase class-II release factor that, with eRF1, terminates eukaryotic translation via an eRF1·eRF3·GTP ternary complex and links termination to mRNA decay.
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcription: DNA-directed RNA synthesis in eukaryotic nuclei by three polymerases, Pol I (rRNA), Pol II (mRNA), Pol III (tRNA), discovered 1969 by Roeder and Rutter, regulated via core promoters, enhancers, pausing, and condensates.
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1, encoded by the gene EEF1A1, is a GTP-binding protein that delivers aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding
eIF4E binding: how eIF4E-binding proteins (4E-BP1, 4E-BP2, 4E-BP3) repress cap-dependent translation by competing with eIF4G for eIF4E, and how mTORC1 phosphorylation releases them.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein
4E-BPs (eIF4E-binding proteins, 4E-BP1/2/3; yeast Caf20p, Eap1p) are small translational repressors that compete with eIF4G for eIF4E, are inactivated by mTORC1 phosphorylation, and enable eIF3d-dependent translation under stress.
Evelio Perez-Albuerne
Evelio Perez-Albuerne, also known as Evelio D. Perez-Albuerne, is a physician-scientist who co-discovered jun-D in 1989 and later became a pediatric transplant specialist at Children's National Hospital.
Evolution and conservation of long non-coding RNAs
Evolution and conservation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is dominated by rapid birth and death: most lncRNAs cannot be traced beyond about 50 million years.
Exosome complex
Exosome complex: conserved multi-subunit 3'→5' RNA degradation machine; eukaryotic nine-subunit catalytically inert core with Rrp44/Rrp6 nucleases, phosphorolytic archaeal exosome, bacterial PNPase counterpart.
Expanded genetic code
Expanded genetic code (genetic code expansion, GCE): engineered orthogonal aaRS/tRNA pairs that site-specifically insert noncanonical amino acids into proteins, first done in E. coli in 2001, now spanning over 200 ncAAs, quadruplet codons, unnatural base pairs, and recoded genomes.
Expansion sequencing
Expansion sequencing (ExSeq) is an imaging method that physically expands preserved tissue in a swellable hydrogel before in situ sequencing, mapping RNA transcripts at nanoscale resolution.
Export of non-coding RNAs
Export of non-coding RNAs is the transport of snRNAs, snoRNAs, and tRNAs between the nucleus and cytoplasm, using dedicated export receptors such as CRM1 and Exportin-t.
EZH2
EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) is the catalytic histone methyltransferase of PRC2, depositing the H3K27me3 repressive mark; mutated or overexpressed in lymphoma and solid cancers, and the target of tazemetostat, approved 2020 and withdrawn 2026.
FAIRE-seq
FAIRE-seq is a genomics method that maps open chromatin across the genome by combining formaldehyde crosslinking, sonication, and phenol-chloroform extraction with high-throughput sequencing, typically recovering 1–3% of the human genome.
FAR1, DNA binding domain
FAR1 DNA binding domain (InterPro IPR004330, Pfam PF03101): an N-terminal C2H2 zinc-finger domain of the WRKY-GCM1 superfamily in plant FHY3/FAR1 transposase-derived transcription factors, binding the FBS motif CACGCGC.
Ferric-uptake regulator
Ferric uptake regulator (Fur), bacterial Fe2+-sensing transcription factor and FUR superfamily founder; represses iron uptake genes at the Fur box, regulates 100+ E. coli genes, paralogs Zur, PerR, Mur, Nur, Irr.
Fibrinogen silencer-binding protein
Fibrinogen silencer-binding protein (FSBP, O95073) is a human 299-aa nuclear transcriptional repressor that down-regulates the fibrinogen gamma chain and represses the GSK3B promoter via APBA1; gene FSBP at 8q22.1.
Five-prime cap
Five-prime cap (m7GpppN): N7-methylguanosine joined 5′-to-5′ to eukaryotic and viral mRNA, added co-transcriptionally by triphosphatase, guanylyltransferase, and methyltransferase; cap-0/1/2 variants, decay, immunity, and vaccine capping methods.
FLG-AS1
FLG-AS1 (FLG antisense RNA 1, ENSG00000237975, HGNC 27913, now CCDST) is a human lncRNA gene at 1q21.3 antisense to FLG, linked to psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and several cancers via miRNA axes.
FMR1
FMR1 (fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1) is an X-linked gene encoding FMRP, an RNA-binding translational regulator. CGG repeat expansion causes fragile X syndrome, FXTAS, and FXPOI; gene identified 1991.
Footprinting
Footprinting is a bench technique for locating protein-binding sites on DNA or RNA, where a bound protein shields its site from cleavage; Galas and Schmitz first reported it in 1978.
For t 2
For t 2 is the major allergen of the biting midge Forcipomyia taiwana, a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit (325 aa, ACD65081.1) causing specific IgE in 75% of midge-allergic patients in Taiwan, studied in L. lactis oral immunotherapy.
FOXP2
FOXP2 (forkhead box P2, SPCH1, CAGH44) is a chromosome 7 transcription factor gene, the first tied to a speech and language disorder via the KE family, regulating hundreds of genes.
FOXP3
FOXP3 (forkhead box P3) is an X-linked transcription factor, also called scurfin, essential for regulatory T cell development; mutations cause IPEX syndrome and the mouse scurfy phenotype, work central to the 2025 Nobel Prize.