108 articles
Inferior vena cava filter
Inferior vena cava filter, a metal device placed in the IVC to trap clots and prevent pulmonary embolism when anticoagulation fails or is contraindicated; reduces PE but raises DVT risk without mortality benefit.
Intravenous sugar solution
Intravenous sugar solution (dextrose or glucose IV infusion, e.g. D5W): sterile 5% glucose in water supplying calories and water, first infused in 1896; physiologically hypotonic after metabolism, with hyponatremia and hyperglycemia as key risks.
Intravenous therapy
Intravenous therapy, also known as IV therapy or an intravenous drip, is a medical technique that delivers fluids, medications, nutrition, or blood products directly into a vein, bypassing the gut.
John Puskas
John D. Puskas is an American cardiothoracic surgeon known for off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on the beating heart, and for major trials comparing it with conventional bypass.
Juan C. Parodi
Juan Carlos Parodi is an Argentine vascular surgeon who performed the first endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) in 1990 at the Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires, a technique since used on more than one million patients.
Jugular venous pressure
Jugular venous pressure is a bedside estimate of right atrial pressure, measured by the height of the pulsating blood column in the internal jugular vein.
Korotkoff sounds
Korotkoff sounds, also known as Korotkov sounds, are pulsatile sounds heard over the brachial artery during blood pressure cuff deflation, described by Nikolai Korotkov in 1905; their onset marks systolic and their disappearance diastolic pressure.
Left atrial appendage occlusion
Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO), also called left atrial appendage closure, seals the left atrial appendage to prevent stroke in atrial fibrillation; Watchman and Amulet devices show noninferiority to anticoagulation with less non-procedural bleeding.
Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery
MIDCAB: minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass, LIMA-to-LAD graft via left mini-thoracotomy without sternotomy or bypass, introduced mid-1990s, for isolated LAD disease and hybrid revascularization.
Mitral valve annuloplasty
Mitral valve annuloplasty: suturing a prosthetic ring or band around the mitral annulus during valve repair. Introduced by Carpentier in 1968; rigid, flexible, and semirigid rings exist, with no proven outcome difference between types.
MRIMLD study
MRIMLD (NCT07155135) is a completed retrospective single-center study by Ryka Tashakkor of Socal Heart evaluating 1.5 Tesla MRI safety in 16 patients with non-MRI-conditional, mixed-manufacturer cardiac implantable electronic devices, reporting 23 scans with no adverse events or device parameter changes.
Norwood procedure
Norwood procedure: first-stage surgery of three-stage palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, rebuilding the aorta and shunting blood to the lungs via Blalock-Taussig or Sano shunt; neonatal mortality about 15%, five-year survival about 70%.
Off-pump coronary artery bypass
Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB, OPCABG) is beating-heart coronary bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass, first performed by Goetz in 1960, revived in the 1980s, offering less stroke but more repeat revascularization than on-pump CABG.
Organ donation for heart transplantation
Organ donation for heart transplantation covers DBD and DCD donor selection, 4-hour cold ischemia limits, machine perfusion, NRP ethics, and DCD trial outcomes showing noninferior 6-month survival versus brain-death donors.
Organ procurement
Organ procurement: surgical removal of organs, corneas, or tissue from donors for transplant, performed in the U.S. by about 55 nonprofit OPOs under OPTN and CMS oversight, with strict preservation time limits.
Pacemaker failure
Pacemaker failure is the malfunction of an implanted cardiac pacemaker, its leads, or its programming so that it fails to keep an adequate heart rate.
Pacemaker syndrome
Pacemaker syndrome: iatrogenic symptoms from ventricular pacing causing AV dyssynchrony, first described 1969; incidence 2-80%; treated by reprogramming or dual-chamber upgrade.
Parenteral nutrition
Parenteral nutrition (PN), formerly total parenteral nutrition (TPN), is intravenous feeding via central or peripheral catheter for patients whose GI tract cannot meet nutritional needs; developed clinically by Stanley Dudrick in 1968, with home PN for chronic intestinal failure.
Percutaneous coronary intervention
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or coronary angioplasty, is a catheter-based procedure opening blocked coronary arteries with balloon and stent; introduced by Grüntzig in 1977, drug-eluting stents are its standard, with CABG favored in complex disease.
Percutaneous intentional extraluminal revascularization
Percutaneous intentional extraluminal revascularization (PIER, subintimal angioplasty) is an endovascular technique for chronic total occlusions of peripheral arteries, creating a subintimal dissection channel with true-lumen reentry; technical success 65-100%, used when intraluminal crossing fails.
Peripherally inserted central catheter
Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC): central venous catheter inserted via an arm vein with tip in the lower SVC or cavoatrial junction; first described 1975, used for antibiotics, nutrition, chemotherapy; key risks are bloodstream infection and thrombosis.
Physiological factors
Physiological factors (R-HSA-5578768) is a Reactome human pathway on natriuretic peptide regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis, within Cardiac conduction; it covers NPPA expression, corin processing, NPR1/NPR2 binding, and sacubitril metabolism.
PREVENT-DX study
PREVENT-DX (NCT04344704) is a Spanish-led, randomized, open-label multicenter study of 462 patients comparing a single-chamber ICD with a DX floating atrial dipole and SMART algorithm against conventional single-chamber discrimination for preventing inappropriate therapies and MACCE over 24 months.
Pulsus paradoxus
Pulsus paradoxus: inspiratory systolic blood pressure fall over 10 mmHg, a sign of cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, severe asthma, and COPD; named by Kussmaul in 1873.
Radiofrequency ablation
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA): catheter-based cardiac procedure using RF-heated tips to destroy arrhythmic tissue; standard for AF pulmonary vein isolation since Haissaguerre's 1998 work, with ~4.5% major complication rate.
Radionuclide ventriculography
Radionuclide ventriculography (RNV, MUGA, gated blood pool scan, ERNA) is a nuclear medicine test measuring ventricular ejection fraction with Tc-99m labeled red cells and ECG-gated gamma camera imaging, by first-pass or equilibrium methods; once the main nuclear cardiology technique, now used when echo or MRI are unsuitable.
REALITY trial (NCT02850107)
REALITY (NCT02850107), the VIVA REALITY study, was a single-arm trial of directional atherectomy before paclitaxel drug-coated balloon angioplasty in 102 patients with long, calcified femoropopliteal lesions: 76.7% 12-month patency, 8.8% provisional stenting.
Reperfusion
Reperfusion is restoration of blood supply to ischemic tissue, mainly via fibrinolysis, primary PCI, or thrombectomy in heart attack and stroke; time-critical, but can itself cause reperfusion injury through oxidative stress, calcium overload, and no-reflow.
Reperfusion therapy
Myocardial reperfusion restores blood flow to ischemic heart muscle, mainly via primary PCI or fibrinolysis for STEMI. Key limits: 90/120-minute targets, reperfusion injury, and no-reflow.
Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta
REBOA (resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta) is a temporary hemorrhage-control procedure using a balloon catheter inflated in aortic Zone 1 or 3 for non-compressible torso hemorrhage; first used by Hughes in 1954, limited by ischemia time, with conflicting trial evidence including UK-REBOA.