108 articles
Revised Cardiac Risk Index
Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI, Lee index): 1999 six-point perioperative cardiac risk score for noncardiac surgery, derived from 2893 patients; threshold above 1 marks elevated MACE risk; weak in vascular surgery.
Ringer's lactate solution
Ringer's lactate solution (Hartmann's solution, compound sodium lactate) is a balanced isotonic IV crystalloid with sodium ~130 mmol/L, potassium, calcium, and lactate buffer, used for resuscitation, burns, and critical care.
Robot-assisted surgery
Robot-assisted surgery (RAS, robotic surgery): surgeon-controlled computer systems moving instruments through small incisions, from PUMA 560 (1985) and da Vinci (FDA 2000); not autonomous, costly, no FDA cancer indication.
Robot-assisted valve surgery
Robot-assisted valve surgery is heart-valve repair or replacement done through small chest incisions with a surgical robot, pioneered by Alain Carpentier in the first robotic heart operation in 1998.
Saline (medicine)
Saline (medicine): 0.9% sodium chloride injection, also called normal saline, an intravenous crystalloid with 154 mEq/L each of sodium and chloride; introduced in the 1832 cholera epidemic, causes hyperchloremic acidosis in large volumes, increasingly replaced by balanced crystalloids.
Split S2
Split S2: auscultated separation of the second heart sound into aortic (A2) and pulmonic (P2) components. Normally split on inspiration, single on expiration; fixed split suggests atrial septal defect, reverse split LBBB or aortic stenosis.
Staphylococcus capitis
Staphylococcus capitis, a coagulase-negative staphylococcus and skin commensal first described in 1975, causes neonatal late-onset sepsis in NICUs; its multidrug-resistant NRCS-A clone, first reported in France in 2012, has spread worldwide.
Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD), EMBLEM S-ICD: a defibrillator with a single lead entirely under the skin, no transvenous lead. PRAETORIAN showed noninferiority to transvenous ICDs; PRAETORIAN-XL showed 42% fewer major complications at 8 years; no antitachycardia pacing.
Syringe pump
A syringe pump is a motor-driven device that pushes a syringe plunger to deliver fluid at a precisely controlled flow rate, used clinically for drug infusion and in laboratories.
Third heart sound
Third heart sound (S3, ventricular gallop): low-frequency early-diastolic sound 120–180 ms after S2 from rapid filling deceleration; normal under ~40, otherwise marks heart failure, with 51% sensitivity and 90% specificity for reduced ejection fraction.
Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery
Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery, or TECAB, is a minimally invasive coronary bypass performed through chest ports with a robot, first performed in 1998 in Paris.
Transplant rejection
Transplant rejection is the recipient immune system's attack on grafted tissue, spanning hyperacute, acute cellular, antibody-mediated, and chronic forms; diagnosed by biopsy under the Banff classification, it affects 10-15% of kidney recipients in year one and causes about half of kidney allograft losses.
Troponin
Troponin: cardiac regulatory protein complex (TnC, TnI, TnT) of striated muscle; its cardiac subunits cTnI and cTnT are the standard blood biomarkers for diagnosing myocardial infarction, now measured with high-sensitivity assays.
Troponin I
Troponin I (cTnI) is the inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex and a cardiac-specific biomarker for myocardial infarction; released 4-10 h after injury, measured by high-sensitivity immunoassays against the 99th percentile cutoff.
Valsalva maneuver
Valsalva maneuver: forced expiration against a closed airway, first described by Antonio Maria Valsalva in 1704 for clearing the middle ear; now used in autonomic testing, murmur diagnosis, SVT treatment, and ear clearing.
Vascular surgery
Vascular surgery: surgical specialty treating arteries, veins, and lymphatics via open operations (carotid endarterectomy, aneurysm repair) and catheter-based endovascular techniques; rooted in Carrel's 1902 anastomosis and transformed by Dotter's 1964 angioplasty and EVAR.
Venous hum
Venous hum (cervical venous hum): a continuous, innocent murmur of the internal jugular veins, loudest in the supraclavicular area, common in children, right-sided, louder sitting and in diastole, abolished by jugular compression or lying down.
Volume expander
Volume expander: intravenous crystalloid or colloid fluids (albumin, gelatin, dextran, hydroxyethyl starch) used to restore intravascular volume in hypovolemia and shock; colloids expand more per liter but HES is now EU-suspended and FDA-boxed-warned.