1,240 articles
ISCoPE trial
ISCoPE (Injured Spinal Cord Pressure Evaluation, NCT02721615) is an ongoing St George's, University of London observational trial monitoring intraspinal pressure at the injury site after severe traumatic spinal cord injury, showing elevated pressure, compartmentalization, and patient-specific optimal perfusion pressure.
Isolated congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear
Isolated congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear (ORPHA:686556, CCME, CMEC) is a rare epidermal cyst behind an intact eardrum, arising from embryonic epithelial rests, causing hearing loss or facial palsy, treated surgically.
Isolated ectopia lentis
Isolated ectopia lentis (familial ectopia lentis, ORPHA:1885) is a rare inherited eye disorder with lens dislocation and no systemic features, caused by FBN1 (dominant) or ADAMTSL4 (recessive) variants.
Isolated focal cortical dysplasia
Isolated focal cortical dysplasia (ORPHA:65683, epilepsy due to FCD) is a rare genetic cerebral malformation of neuronal migration causing drug-resistant epilepsy; ILAE types I and II, treated with resective surgery.
Isolated microspherophakia
Isolated microspherophakia is a rare eye disorder in which the crystalline lens is unusually small and spherical, typically in both eyes, causing high myopia, lens dislocation, and angle-closure glaucoma.
Isolated optic neuritis
Isolated optic neuritis (ION) is a rare inflammatory optic neuropathy with single or recurrent optic neuritis episodes unassociated with other neurological or systemic disease, presenting with subacute unilateral vision loss, eye-movement pain, and dyschromatopsia.
Itch
Itch (pruritus) is an unpleasant skin sensation provoking scratching, defined by Hafenreffer in 1660. Carried by C fibers, relayed via spinal GRPR neurons; histaminergic and nonhistaminergic forms; chronic itch lasts 6+ weeks and resists antihistamines.
J comp neurol
J comp neurol abbreviates The Journal of Comparative Neurology (JCN), the oldest continually published basic neuroscience journal, founded 1891 by the Herrick brothers; Wiley-published systems neuroscience, print ISSN 0021-9967, edited by Suzana Herculano-Houzel.
Jahi McMath case
The Jahi McMath case is an American medicolegal dispute in which a 13-year-old girl, declared brain dead in Oakland in 2013, was kept on organ support for almost five years.
Jean Bennett
Jean Bennett, American physician-scientist at the University of Pennsylvania, co-developed Luxturna (voretigene neparvovec), the first FDA-approved gene therapy for an inherited disease, treating RPE65-linked blindness.
Jill Bolte Taylor
Jill Bolte Taylor, American neuroanatomist and author of My Stroke of Insight and Whole Brain Living; Harvard-trained, suffered a 1996 left-hemisphere stroke at 37 and recovered over eight years; her 2008 TED talk has over 30 million views.
Journal of Neurophysiology
The Journal of Neurophysiology (JNP) is a monthly peer-reviewed journal of the American Physiological Society, based in Bethesda, Maryland, publishing since 1938 under a hybrid open-access model.
Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (JALS, juvenile Charcot disease) is a rare motor neuron disease beginning before age 25, under 1 in 1,000,000 prevalence, mostly familial, linked to FUS, ALS2, SETX, SPG11, and SIGMAR1 genes.
Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis
Juvenile primary lateral sclerosis (JPLS, OMIM 606353) is a very rare autosomal recessive motor neuron disease caused by ALS2 mutations, beginning in childhood with progressive spasticity, loss of walking, and loss of speech.
Kavli Prize in Neuroscience
The Kavli Prize in Neuroscience is a biennial award, first given in 2008, honoring major advances in neuroscience; laureates share $1 million, a gold medal, and a diploma.
Kennedy disease
Kennedy disease, or spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), is an X-linked recessive adult-onset motor neuron disorder caused by CAG repeat expansion in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, causing male limb and bulbar weakness, gynecomastia, and slow progression.
Kenyon cell
Kenyon cells are the intrinsic neurons of the insect mushroom bodies (corpora pedunculata), named after Kenyon (1896); from about 2,500 in Drosophila to 230,000 in cockroach, they form the parallel learning and memory circuit for olfactory conditioning.
Keratitis
Keratitis, inflammation of the cornea; microbial keratitis (bacterial, fungal, viral, Acanthamoeba) is a sight-threatening infection, with contact lens wear the main risk factor in Western settings.
Keratitis fugax hereditaria
Keratitis fugax hereditaria (keratoendotheliitis fugax hereditaria, KFH) is a rare autosomal dominant corneal autoinflammatory disease caused by the NLRP3 variant c.61G>C, causing recurrent unilateral painful attacks, blurred vision, and corneal opacities, mainly in people of Finnish descent.
Keratoconus
Keratoconus, also called conical cornea, is a bilateral noninflammatory ectatic corneal disease causing progressive thinning, cone-shaped bulging, and irregular astigmatism; managed with contact lenses, corneal cross-linking, ring segments, or keratoplasty.
Ketanserin
Ketanserin is a selective antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1980, studied clinically as an antihypertensive and antiplatelet agent and widely used in laboratory research.
Klumpke paralysis
Klumpke paralysis (Klumpke's palsy, Dejerine-Klumpke palsy): lower brachial plexus palsy of C8-T1 roots from hyperabduction traction or apical tumor compression, causing claw hand, medial hand sensory loss, and Horner syndrome.
Klüver–Bucy syndrome
Klüver–Bucy syndrome (KBS), a rare neuropsychiatric disorder from bilateral temporal lobe damage, causes hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperphagia, visual agnosia, hypermetamorphosis, and placidity; first described in monkeys by Klüver and Bucy in 1937.
Koniocellular cell
Koniocellular (K) cells are the smallest relay neurons of the primate lateral geniculate nucleus, forming thin calbindin-rich layers between M and P layers; a heterogeneous third visual channel carrying blue-yellow color and other signals to V1 blobs, extrastriate cortex, and blindsight-related routes.
Krabbe disease
Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) is a rare autosomal recessive GALC-deficiency leukodystrophy causing psychosine accumulation and demyelination; HSCT within the first weeks of life is the only disease-modifying treatment.
Kuru (disease)
Kuru is an acquired human prion disease, also called an endocannibalism-transmitted spongiform encephalopathy, once epidemic among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea; over 1,874 deaths, mean incubation 12.4 years, last case 2009.
Labyrinthitis
Labyrinthitis is acute inflammation of the inner-ear labyrinth, causing prolonged vertigo with sensorineural hearing loss or tinnitus, most often from viral infection and improving within weeks.
Lacrimal gland
The lacrimal gland, also called the tear gland, is an exocrine gland in the upper outer orbit that secretes the watery layer of tears and is targeted in Sjogren's syndrome.
Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome
Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome (LADD, Levy-Hollister syndrome) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder from FGFR2, FGFR3, or FGF10 mutations, causing lacrimal and salivary gland malformations, hearing loss, dental anomalies, and digital defects.
Lagophthalmos
Lagophthalmos is incomplete eyelid closure, mainly from facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy), scarring, or sleep (nocturnal lagophthalmos), causing exposure keratopathy treated with lubricants, taping, tarsorrhaphy, or lid weights.