1,240 articles
Brachial plexus
Brachial plexus: nerve network from C5–T1 anterior rami supplying the upper limb, organized as roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and five terminal branches; variants, injuries, imaging, and reconstruction are covered.
Brachial plexus injury
Brachial plexus injury: damage to the C5-T1 nerve network serving shoulder, arm, and hand, from trauma, birth traction, gunshot, or tumor. Surgery timing under 6 months and nerve transfers improve recovery.
Brachial plexus palsy in newborn
Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (Erb's palsy, obstetric brachial plexus injury) is flaccid arm paralysis in newborns from C5–T1 nerve injury during birth; incidence about 1.7 per 1000, mostly upper-trunk, often recovering spontaneously.
Bradyphrenia
Bradyphrenia, also called mental slowness, is slowed thinking and cognitive processing, coined by Naville in 1922 for post-encephalitic parkinsonism and now coded ICD-11 MB23.3, most often linked to Parkinson's disease.
Brain
The brain: three-pound central nervous system organ governing intelligence, senses, movement, and behavior; protected by skull, meninges, and blood-brain barrier; NINDS studies over 600 neurological diseases affecting some 100 million Americans.
Brain abscess
Brain abscess: focal pus collection in brain parenchyma after cerebritis, arising from contiguous, hematogenous, or direct inoculation spread; treated with drainage plus 6-8 weeks antibiotics; about 12% case fatality.
Brain connectivity
Brain connectivity: study of structural and functional connections among brain units at micro, meso, and macro scales; also a peer-reviewed journal (Brain Connect, ISSN 2158-0014) founded 2011 by Mary Ann Liebert, now SAGE.
Brain Cortical Thickness
Brain cortical thickness is the millimeter distance between the gray-white boundary and pial surface of the cortex, averaging about 2.5 mm in humans, measured from MRI via FreeSurfer, CAT12, and similar pipelines, and genetically independent of cortical surface area.
Brain death
Brain death, or death by neurologic criteria, is permanent loss of whole-brain including brainstem function, shown by coma, absent brainstem reflexes, and failed apnea testing; determined under the 2023 AAN/AAP/CNS/SCCM guideline and legally equivalent to circulatory death under the UDDA.
Brain herniation
Brain herniation: displacement of brain tissue through intracranial barriers (tentorial notch, falx, foramen magnum) from raised intracranial pressure; types include subfalcine, uncal, central, tonsillar; treated with ICP control and decompressive surgery.
Brain Imaging Data Structure
Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS): community standard for organizing neuroimaging and behavioral data in a machine-readable directory hierarchy with JSON sidecars; released 2016, extended via BEPs, used by OpenNeuro and DANDI.
Brain injury
Brain injury: acquired brain damage from trauma (TBI) or internal causes such as hypoxic-ischaemic injury; covers acute care, rehabilitation, outcome measurement, and research priorities; distinct from the journal Brain Injury.
Brain mapping
Brain mapping, also known as brain mapping techniques or a brain map, links brain functions and physiological activity to brain structures using imaging, electrophysiology, and computational analysis.
Brain metastasis
Brain metastasis: secondary brain cancer spread from a primary tumor, affecting 20-40% of cancer patients; treated with surgery, WBRT, stereotactic radiosurgery, and systemic therapy.
Brain positron emission tomography
Brain positron emission tomography (brain PET) is nuclear medicine imaging of living brain function using radiotracers such as FDG, amyloid, and tau agents; used for dementia, epilepsy, and tumor evaluation, with clinical resolution of about 5-10 mm.
Brain Research (journal)
Brain Research is a peer-reviewed neuroscience journal published in Amsterdam by Elsevier since 1966, one of the field's long-running general titles, which later absorbed several specialized spin-off journals.
Brain size
Brain size: the volume or mass of the brain, measured by MRI in living people and endocranial volume in fossils; mean human cranial capacity 1350–1400 cm³, peaking near 1,450 g before age 25.
Brain tumor prognosis and outcomes
A brain tumor prognosis estimates how a specific tumor will behave over time. Five-year survival ranges from 92% for non-malignant tumors to about 7% for glioblastoma.
Brain tumor treatment
Brain tumor treatment is the management of tumors inside the skull using surgery, radiation, drugs, and supportive care, chosen by tumor type, molecular profile, and location.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin acting through TrkB and p75NTR, regulates neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity; its Val66Met polymorphism affects secretion, depression genetics, and cognition.
Brain–computer interface
Brain–computer interface (BCI, brain-machine interface): hardware and software that record brain signals and convert them into device commands or feedback; coined by Vidal 1973, first human implant 1998, Utah array standard since 2004.
Brainstem
Brainstem: the lower brain region connecting cerebrum to spinal cord and cerebellum, made of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and houses ten cranial nerve nuclei and the reticular formation.
Brodmann area
A Brodmann area, part of Brodmann's classification, is a numbered region of the cerebral cortex defined by cellular structure, introduced by Korbinian Brodmann in 1909.
Brown-Séquard syndrome
Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS), also called Brown-Sequard-plus syndrome, is a rare hemisection spinal cord injury causing ipsilateral paralysis and proprioception loss with contralateral pain/temperature loss; mostly penetrating trauma, best prognosis among SCI syndromes.
Bulbar palsy
Bulbar palsy, also called progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), is lower motor neuron weakness of tongue, speech, and swallowing muscles from brainstem cranial nerve lesions; pseudobulbar palsy is its upper motor neuron, spastic counterpart.
Bullous keratopathy
Bullous keratopathy is an eye condition in which blisters form in the cornea's surface layer because the corneal endothelium fails, often after cataract surgery or from Fuchs dystrophy.
Bushy cell
Bushy cell: a principal neuron of the ventral cochlear nucleus with short bushy dendrites, two types (spherical, globular), endbulb of Held inputs, and projections for binaural sound localization.
C9orf72
C9orf72, or chromosome 9 open reading frame 72, is a human gene on chromosome 9 whose GGGGCC repeat expansion, identified in 2011, is the most common genetic cause of ALS.
CA3 pyramidal cell
CA3 pyramidal cell: principal excitatory neuron of hippocampal CA3, also called cornu ammonis 3 pyramidal neuron. Defined by ~12,000 recurrent collateral synapses per rat cell, mossy fiber input, Schaffer collateral output to CA1, burst firing, and roles in pattern completion and memory.
Cajal-Retzius cell
Cajal-Retzius cells, also called CR cells, are transient reelin-secreting neurons of the developing cerebral cortex marginal zone, named after Ramón y Cajal and Retzius; they direct inside-out cortical layering and die by apoptosis after development.