1,240 articles
CIELAB color space
CIELAB (CIE 1976 L*a*b) is the CIE's 1976 perceptually oriented, device-independent color space with L lightness, a green-red and b blue-yellow axes, ΔE*ab Euclidean color difference, based on Hunter-Lab and ANLAB, used in printing, ICC, and color QC.
Ciliary muscle
The ciliary muscle (musculus ciliaris) is a ring of smooth muscle in the eye's ciliary body whose contraction lets the lens focus on near objects, a process called accommodation.
Cingulate cortex
Cingulate cortex: paired medial-wall brain region of the limbic system, divided into ACC, midcingulate, posterior cingulate, and retrosplenial cortex; roles in emotion, decision-making, pain, memory, and cingulotomy surgery.
Climatic droplet keratopathy
Climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK), also called Labrador keratopathy or spheroidal degeneration, is a rare acquired corneal degeneration from chronic UV and environmental exposure, causing golden subepithelial droplets, graded 1 to 3, treatable only by corneal transplantation.
Clinical course and progression of ALS
The clinical course and progression of ALS covers how the disease begins, spreads, and is staged, with median survival of 2 to 4 years after symptom onset.
Clinical presentation of brain tumors
The clinical presentation of brain tumors is the symptoms and signs an intracranial mass produces, including headache, seizures, raised intracranial pressure, and focal deficits that reflect the tumor's location.
CLN10 disease
CLN10 disease (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 10, cathepsin D deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by CTSD mutations; the congenital form is the most severe NCL, with microcephaly, seizures, and death within hours to weeks of birth.
CLN11 disease
CLN11 disease (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 11, NCL11) is a rare autosomal recessive Batten disease spectrum disorder caused by biallelic GRN mutations, causing seizures, retinitis pigmentosa, ataxia, and cognitive decline from about age 13 to 25; single-copy GRN carriers risk frontotemporal dementia instead.
CLN13 disease
CLN13 disease (Kufs disease type B, NCL13) is a rare autosomal recessive adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis caused by CTSF mutations, producing cathepsin F deficiency, dementia, and movement disturbances without vision loss.
CLN3 disease
CLN3 disease (juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, juvenile Batten disease) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder from CLN3 gene mutations, causing childhood vision loss, seizures, cognitive decline, and death typically at 20–30 years.
CLN5 disease
CLN5 disease is a rare inherited neurodegenerative disorder of the Batten disease group, caused by CLN5 gene mutations and marked by seizures, ataxia, and vision loss.
CLN8 disease
CLN8 disease (Northern epilepsy, EPMR; OMIM 600143) is an autosomal recessive neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis caused by CLN8 gene mutations, with a milder Finnish epilepsy form and a severe late-infantile form with vision loss.
Clonus
Clonus: involuntary rhythmic muscle contractions from sudden passive tendon stretching, an upper motor neuron sign elicited by rapid ankle dorsiflexion; 5-8 Hz beats, sustained if over 10, treated with baclofen, cold, botulinum toxin, or phenol.
CNTRACS trial
CNTRACS (Cognitive Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Schizophrenia Consortium) is a five-site NIMH program, not a drug trial, validating cognitive neuroscience tasks (DPX, RISE, CCE, JOVI) as clinical trial measures in schizophrenia, now extended computationally (NCT07853807).
COASY protein-associated neurodegeneration
COASY protein-associated neurodegeneration (CoPAN, NBIA6, OMIM 615643) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive childhood-onset neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation caused by COASY mutations impairing the final steps of coenzyme A biosynthesis.
Cochlea
Cochlea: fluid-filled, spiral-shaped inner-ear cavity (2.5 turns) housing the organ of Corti; transduces sound via hair cells along a tonotopic basilar membrane; site of sensorineural hearing loss, cochlear implants, and new gene therapies.
Cochlear amplifier
Cochlear amplifier: active process in the mammalian cochlea, also called cochlear amplification, where outer hair cells and prestin enhance basilar membrane vibration, giving hearing sensitivity, sharp tuning, and otoacoustic emissions.
Cochlear implant
A cochlear implant, also called a bionic ear, is an electronic device that bypasses damaged inner-ear structures to give a sense of sound to people who are profoundly deaf.
Cochlear nerve
Cochlear nerve: auditory division of cranial nerve VIII, carrying signals from spiral ganglion neurons to the brainstem cochlear nuclei; aplasia or hypoplasia predicts poor cochlear implant outcomes, with auditory brainstem implants as the alternative.
Cochlear nucleus
Cochlear nucleus: first brainstem relay of the auditory pathway (dorsal, anteroventral, posteroventral divisions), where auditory nerve fibers split into ventral sound-localizing and dorsal pattern-recognition streams; target of auditory brainstem implants and linked to tinnitus.
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience studies how brain function supports mental activities, combining cognitive psychology with brain imaging. Named by Gazzaniga and Miller in the late 1970s; fMRI is its leading tool, with reverse inference and reproducibility as key debates.
Colloid cyst
Colloid cyst: benign epithelial (neuroepithelial) cyst of the anterior third ventricle, 0.2-3% of benign intracranial tumors, causing obstructive hydrocephalus and rare sudden death; treated by endoscopic or microsurgical resection.
Coloboma
Coloboma (ocular coloboma, congenital ocular coloboma) is a birth defect in which part of the eye or eyelid tissue is missing, caused by failure of the embryonic fissure to close; affects about 1 in 10,000 people and can cause childhood blindness.
Coloboma of macula
Coloboma of macula (macular coloboma; OMIM 120300) is a rare congenital chorioretinal maldevelopment of the macula, not caused by optic fissure closure failure, causing central vision loss and distinguished from toxoplasmosis by OCT.
Color vision
Color vision: the visual system's perception of light wavelength as color, based on three S, M, L cone types, retinal cone-opponent pathways, trichromatic and opponent-process theories, color constancy, and color vision deficiency affecting about 1 in 12 men.
Coma
Coma: a state of prolonged unconsciousness with no awareness or response, caused by brain injury, stroke, toxins, diabetes, or oxygen lack; assessed with the Glasgow Coma Scale (3-15).
Comparative auditory physiology
Comparative auditory physiology studies how vertebrate ears detect and discriminate sound across species, using differences among fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals to interpret human hearing.
Complementary colors
Complementary colors are color pairs that mix to neutral (white light, grey pigment) and sit opposite on the color wheel, such as red/green, yellow/violet, and blue/orange; they drive simultaneous contrast, afterimages, and painterly contrast techniques.
Computational methods in neuroengineering
Computational methods in neuroengineering are the mathematical models, signal-processing algorithms, and machine-learning techniques used to analyze neural signals, decode intentions, and control devices interfacing electronics with living neural tissue.
Computational neuroscience
Computational neuroscience, also called theoretical or mathematical neuroscience, applies mathematical models, theoretical analysis, and computer simulation to nervous systems, from ion channels to whole-brain networks.