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Eye examination
Eye examination: comprehensive adult medical eye evaluation (AAO Preferred Practice Pattern), including history, visual acuity, slit lamp, tonometry, dilation, and fundus exam; differs from simple vision screening, which USPSTF finds insufficient evidence for in older adults.
Eye movement in music reading
Eye movement in music reading studies fixations and saccades over musical notation. Experts show shorter fixations (meta-analytic g = -0.72), read about two beats ahead, and skip notes; other measures vary by task.
Eye movement in reading
Eye movement in reading: saccades and fixations (with 5–20% regressions) by which eyes sample text; covers perceptual span, parafoveal preview, E-Z Reader and SWIFT models, and dyslexia screening.
Eye Movements
Eye movements: saccades, smooth pursuit, vergence, and vestibulo-ocular movements that shift or stabilize gaze on the fovea; controlled by brainstem, superior colliculus, and cerebellum, and measured by eye tracking.
Eye surgery
Eye surgery covers procedures on the eye, from cataract extraction (couching to phacoemulsification, Ridley's 1949 IOL) to LASIK, retinal, and glaucoma surgery; cataract surgery is the leading global blindness treatment.
Eye tracking
Eye tracking, also called gaze tracking, is the measurement of eye position and movement over time, most often by video-oculography, which tracks the pupil and a corneal reflection.
Eyebrow
The eyebrow (Ögonbryn) is the strip of terminal hair above each eye socket that shades the eye; mobile human eyebrows play a central role in facial expression and social communication.
Eyelid
Eyelid (palpebra): the thin skin-muscle fold protecting the eye and spreading the tear film. Key facts: thinnest body skin, tarsal plates, meibomian glands, levator and orbicularis muscles, blepharitis, blepharoplasty.
Eyelid retraction
Eyelid retraction: abnormally high upper or low lower lid position, mostly from thyroid eye disease; causes exposure keratopathy; treated with lubrication, injections, or retractor-lengthening surgery (85% success).
Eyelid trauma
Eyelid trauma is injury to eyelid tissues from blunt or penetrating forces, from black eyes to lacerations, and frequently accompanies eye or orbital injuries needing urgent evaluation.
Face
Face: front of the head, moved by the facial nerve (CN VII) with five motor branches plus taste, salivary, and lacrimal functions; facial nerve palsy, mostly Bell's palsy, is its main disorder.
Facial dysmorphism-lens dislocation-anterior segment abnormalities-spontaneous filtering blebs syndrome
Traboulsi syndrome, also called FDLAB syndrome (OMIM 601552), is an extremely rare autosomal recessive eye disorder caused by ASPH variants, featuring lens dislocation, anterior segment abnormalities, flat cheeks, a beaked nose, and spontaneous filtering blebs.
Facial hair
Facial hair, mainly the male beard and mustache, is androgen-dependent terminal hair. Covers follicle biology, ethnic variation, shaving effects, care, minoxidil use, and cultural history.
Facial muscles
Facial muscles (mimetic muscles, musculi faciales): about 20-30 flat skeletal muscles per side arising from the 2nd pharyngeal arch, innervated by facial nerve CN VII, inserting into facial skin to produce expression; grouped orbital, oral, nasal, auricular, scalp, neck.
Facial nerve
Facial nerve (CN VII), seventh cranial nerve with motor and intermediate roots; supplies facial expression muscles, taste anterior two-thirds of tongue, and lacrimal/submandibular/sublingual glands; exits via stylomastoid foramen; Bell's palsy.
Facial nerve paralysis
Facial nerve paralysis, loss of facial muscle movement from facial nerve (CN VII) damage; most often idiopathic Bell's palsy with onset under 72 hours, treated with corticosteroids within 72 hours.
Facial neuritis
Facial neuritis (ICD-11 8B88.3, 顔面神経炎) is inflammation of the facial nerve causing unilateral facial weakness; most often Bell's palsy, treated with corticosteroids within 72 hours, with good prognosis.
Facial skeleton
Facial skeleton (viscerocranium, splanchnocranium): the 14 bones at the front of the human skull, including the maxilla and the mandible, the skull's only movable bone; supports the face and houses sensory and respiratory structures.
Fallopian tube
Fallopian tube (uterine tube, oviduct): one of a pair of 11-12 cm conduits from ovary to uterus, site of fertilization, named for Gabriele Falloppio; common site of ectopic pregnancy and origin of high-grade serous ovarian cancer.
Familial cerebral cavernous malformation
Familial cerebral cavernous malformation (FCCM) is a hereditary neurovascular condition causing multiple vascular lesions in the brain and spinal cord, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
Familial intraosseous vascular malformation
Familial intraosseous vascular malformation (VMOS, VMPI, OMIM 606893) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive ELMO2-related venous malformation of craniofacial bones, causing progressive jaw and skull enlargement, midline defects, and life-threatening bleeding.
Familial short stature
Familial short stature: a normal-variant growth pattern in which a short child grows at a normal rate with short parents, normal bone age, and adult height matching midparental height; distinguished from constitutional delay.
Fascia
Fascia is a sheet or band of collagen-rich connective tissue beneath the skin that attaches, encloses, and separates muscles and organs, divided into superficial, deep, parietal, and visceral types.
Fasciculation
Fasciculation, also called muscle twitching or benign fasciculation when isolated, is an involuntary visible contraction of one motor unit arising from the lower motor neuron; common in healthy people, a sign of ALS when paired with weakness, and part of the peripheral nerve hyperexcitability spectrum.
Fatal insomnia
Fatal insomnia, fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and sporadic fatal insomnia, fatal thalamic prion disease destroying sleep, caused by PRNP D178N with Met129 in the familial form; death within about a year, no approved treatment.
Federation of European Neuroscience Societies
The Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) is the main organization for neuroscience in Europe, founded in 1998 and based in Brussels, representing 43 societies and some 20,000 scientists.
Female
Female: one of two biological sex classifications, defined by egg-producing reproductive organs (ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix), typically XX chromosomes; covers menstrual cycle, fertility, menopause, and sex in research.
Female body shape
Female body shape is the distribution of bone, muscle, and fat on the female body, typically measured by waist-to-hip ratio, which is lower in premenopausal women.
Female ejaculation
Female ejaculation: urethral fluid expulsion during female orgasm, distinguished since 2011 from squirting; FE is a few mL of PSA-rich milky fluid from Skene's glands, squirting a larger urine-like bladder expulsion, both distinct from coital incontinence.
Female reproductive system
Female reproductive system: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina; produces oocytes and sex hormones, runs the menstrual cycle via GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone, and supports pregnancy from menarche (~13 years) to menopause (median 51 years).