168 articles
Clinical Global Impression
Clinical Global Impression is a clinician-rated scale developed for NIMH-sponsored clinical trials. It records a rater's overall judgment of a patient's illness severity and change.
Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale
The Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS) is an 11-item clinician-rated scale measuring opioid withdrawal severity, introduced by Wesson and Ling in 2003 and used to time buprenorphine treatment.
Clinical prediction rule
A clinical prediction rule, also called a clinical decision rule, combines three or more predictors from history, examination, or simple tests to estimate diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment decisions for individual patients.
Clinical Relevance
Clinical relevance (clinical significance, clinical importance): criteria for whether a finding or treatment effect is large enough to matter for patient care, distinct from statistical significance; anchored by MCID, smallest worthwhile effect, and GRADE decision thresholds.
Clinical staging
Clinical staging is the classification of a cancer's extent by tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis, using the TNM system, assigned before any definitive treatment to guide therapy and predict survival.
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) is a structured clinical interview that rates suicidal ideation severity and behavior, serving as the standard measure in care, research, and FDA trials.
Comorbidity
Comorbidity: co-occurrence of more than one disease or condition in one person; coined by Alvan Feinstein in 1970; measured with indices such as Charlson and Elixhauser; related to but distinct from multimorbidity.
Controlling nutritional status score
The Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score is a laboratory screening tool that quantifies malnutrition from three routine blood tests: serum albumin, total cholesterol, and total lymphocyte count.
CONUT score
The CONUT score (CONtrolling NUTritional status) is a screening tool rating malnutrition risk from three routine blood tests: albumin, lymphocyte count, and cholesterol, scored 0 to 12.
CRH stimulation test
The CRH stimulation test is an endocrine diagnostic procedure in which intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone provokes ACTH and cortisol secretion, mainly to separate pituitary from ectopic causes of Cushing's syndrome.
CURB-65
CURB-65: five-point pneumonia severity score (confusion, urea >7 mmol/L, respiratory rate ≥30, low blood pressure, age ≥65) predicting 30-day mortality in community-acquired pneumonia and guiding hospital versus home care; CRB-65 is its urea-free primary care variant.
Cystometry
Cystometry is an invasive urodynamic test that measures the pressure–volume relationship of the bladder during filling and voiding, recording sensation, compliance, capacity, and detrusor overactivity.
DAPT score
The DAPT score is a clinical tool that predicts whether extending dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary stenting will help or harm, introduced by Robert W. Yeh in 2016.
Dermatology Life Quality Index
The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) is a 10-question questionnaire measuring the impact of skin disease on quality of life, published in 1994 by Finlay and Khan.
Diagnosis-related group
Diagnosis-related group (DRG): hospital case classification developed at Yale by Fetter, Thompson, and Mross in the 1970s; adopted by Medicare in 1983 for its prospective payment system, now used worldwide to pay hospitals fixed per-discharge rates.
Diagnostic Errors
Diagnostic errors: missed, delayed, or wrong diagnoses, defined by NASEM (2015) as failure to establish or communicate an accurate, timely explanation. Affect an estimated 12 million Americans yearly; leading cause of malpractice harm.
Diagnostic Self Evaluation
Diagnostic Self Evaluation (MeSH D059026; Subjective Health) is a person's appraisal of their own health status, operationalized by the single-item self-rated health question, which independently predicts mortality and varies across cultures and question wordings.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis: the systematic comparison of candidate conditions to determine which a patient has. Covers hypothesis generation, Bayesian ranking, diagnostic error rates (5.08% outpatient), checklists, and LLM tools like AMIE.
Disability Evaluation
Disability evaluation: formal assessment of whether impairment prevents substantial gainful work. Covers SSA's disability freeze (1954), Bluebook listings, five-step sequential evaluation, state DDS determinations, and inter-rater reliability evidence.
Disease activity score
The disease activity score (DAS) is a composite clinical index for rheumatoid arthritis that combines joint counts, patient global assessment, and ESR or CRP to guide treatment.
DSM-5
DSM-5, the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013), defines US mental disorder criteria; current version DSM-5-TR (2022) adds prolonged grief disorder and uses ICD-10-CM codes.
DYS-NOC trial
DYS-NOC (NCT02801838), also called ADOREPS_2, was a French single-center interventional diagnostic trial validating the IC-RDOS observational dyspnea scale in non-communicating ventilated ICU patients against EMG and EEG markers, with ventilator optimization and up to 10 mg morphine titration.
Early warning score
An early warning score (EWS) is a bedside scoring method that turns routinely measured vital signs into one aggregate number used to trigger escalation of clinical care in acute illness.
Eczema Area and Severity Index
The Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) is a clinical scoring tool for atopic dermatitis, grading lesion extent and severity across body regions on a 0 to 72 scale.
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a 10-item self-report questionnaire screening for depression during pregnancy and postnatally, the most widely used such screening tool.
Electroanatomic mapping
Electroanatomic mapping is a cardiac electrophysiology technique that builds navigable 3D maps of electrical activity in the heart chambers to guide diagnosis and catheter ablation of arrhythmias.
Electrogastrography
Electrogastrography (EGG) is a noninvasive method recording the stomach's electrical activity through skin electrodes on the abdomen, used to assess gastric rhythm disorders, though it has not become a routine clinical diagnostic test.
Electroretinography
Electroretinography (ERG) is a non-invasive diagnostic test that records the retina's summed electrical response to light, with waveform components localizing dysfunction from photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
Epworth Sleepiness Scale
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale is a self-administered questionnaire rating dozing likelihood in eight everyday situations, scored 0-24, introduced by Murray Johns in 1991 and widely used in sleep medicine.
Erection Hardness Score
Erection Hardness Score (EHS, also EHGS): single-item patient-reported 0-4 scale of penile rigidity developed in 1998 for sildenafil trials, validated 2007 by Mulhall et al., used as an adjunct ED outcome measure.