335 articles
Small bowel atresia
Small bowel atresia, also called intestinal atresia, is a birth defect in which part of the small intestine is blocked or narrowed, causing bilious vomiting in newborns within 48 hours and treated surgically.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), also called bacterial overgrowth of the small bowel, is excessive bacteria in the small intestine causing diarrhea, bloating, and malabsorption; diagnosis by jejunal aspirate culture or breath tests is contested.
Soiling
Soiling, also called encopresis or fecal incontinence, is the passage of faeces into clothing or inappropriate places after the age of expected continence, usually from constipation with overflow leakage, treatable with laxatives and behavior modification.
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS), also called solitary ulcer of the rectum, is a rare benign rectal disorder from mucosal prolapse and ischemia, causing bleeding, mucus, and straining; treated with biofeedback, medication, or surgery.
Spastic peristalsis
Spastic peristalsis (ICD-11 DA21.22), also called distal or diffuse esophageal spasm, is a rare esophageal motility disorder with spastic non-peristaltic contractions causing chest pain and dysphagia, diagnosed by high-resolution manometry.
Spontaneous intestinal perforation
Spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP), also called focal intestinal perforation, is an isolated bowel perforation in extremely low-birth-weight preterm newborns, usually within 10 days of birth, distinct from NEC and treated by peritoneal drain or laparotomy.
Spontaneous rupture of oesophagus
Spontaneous rupture of oesophagus, or Boerhaave's syndrome, is a full-thickness oesophageal tear from vomiting or straining, first described by Boerhaave in 1724; treated by primary repair, endoscopy, or conservative care, with 16-18% mortality.
Steatorrhea
Steatorrhea, also called fatty stool, is excess fat in stool (>7 g/day) from fat malabsorption or maldigestion. Causes include exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, celiac disease, and bile acid deficiency; diagnosed by 72-hour fecal fat testing or fecal elastase.
Stenosis of the rectum
Stenosis of the rectum (rectal stenosis, ICD-11 DB30.4) is narrowing of the rectum from malignant or benign, intrinsic or extrinsic causes; anastomotic stricture after rectal resection affects 3-20%, treated first by endoscopic balloon dilation.
Stomach disease
Stomach disease covers gastritis, peptic ulcer, GERD, gastroparesis, and gastric cancer. Key facts: Helicobacter pylori causes ulcers and cancer; Warren and Marshall won the 2005 Nobel Prize; eradication prevents ulcer recurrence.
Stomach rumble
Stomach rumble, or borborygmi (borborygmus), the gurgling noise of gas and fluid moving through the gut during peristalsis; normal in hunger via the migrating motor complex, clinically significant when absent or obstructed.
Stress ulcer of stomach
Stress ulcer of stomach (ICD-11 DA60.3), also called acute gastric stress ulcer or Curling's ulcer, is an acute gastric mucosal lesion in critically ill patients, usually superficial fundic erosions, driven by splanchnic hypoperfusion and acid, prevented with PPIs or H2RAs.
Syndromic congenital sodium diarrhea
Syndromic congenital sodium diarrhea (syndromic congenital tufting enteropathy, OMIM 270420) is a rare autosomal recessive SPINT2-related intestinal disorder with neonatal sodium-losing diarrhea, choanal atresia, and corneal erosions.
Tarrare
Tarrare (c. 1772–1798), French showman, soldier, and spy with extreme polyphagia; known only through Pierre-François Percy's 1804 memoir, swallowed documents as a courier, suspected in a toddler's disappearance, died of tuberculosis in Versailles.
Third degree haemorrhoids
Third degree haemorrhoids (Goligher grade III) are internal haemorrhoids that prolapse and need manual reduction. Office banding helps selected cases; surgery is the standard indication, with excisional procedures most durable but most complications.
Toxic megacolon
Toxic megacolon, or megacolon toxicum, is a rare, life-threatening condition in which the inflamed colon dilates acutely, usually complicating ulcerative colitis or C. difficile colitis.
Transitory ileus of newborn
Transitory ileus of newborn (ICD-11 KB87.3), a temporary functional intestinal obstruction in neonates from absent peristalsis; distinguished from Hirschsprung disease by manometry and biopsy, and resolving with conservative care.
Travelers' diarrhea
Travelers' diarrhea (TD), the most common travel-related illness, is an infectious diarrheal syndrome affecting 30-70% of travelers to high-risk regions; bacteria, mainly diarrheagenic E. coli, cause most cases, treated with rehydration, loperamide, and severity-based antibiotics.
Trehalase deficiency
Trehalase deficiency (isolated trehalose intolerance, TREH gene, 11q23.3, rs2276064) is a rare autosomal dominant intestinal disorder causing osmotic diarrhea after eating mushrooms; found in about 8% of Greenlanders but rare elsewhere.
Trichobezoar
Trichobezoar: a hairball (bezoar) of swallowed hair in the stomach, from trichotillomania and trichophagia; ~90% female, ages 10-19; Rapunzel syndrome when it extends into small bowel; usually surgical removal.
Trichohepatoenteric syndrome
Trichohepatoenteric syndrome (THES, syndromic diarrhea, SD/THE) is a rare autosomal recessive enteropathy from SKIV2L or TTC37 mutations, causing neonatal intractable diarrhea, woolly hair, facial dysmorphism, liver disease, immunodeficiency, and up to 50% mortality.
Tropical sprue
Tropical sprue, also called postinfectious tropical malabsorption, is an acquired disease of unknown cause marked by chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, and nutritional deficiencies in residents of and long-term visitors to the tropics.
Ulcer of anus
Ulcer of anus (ICD-11.DB52) is a mucosal defect characterized by extension into the submucosa or deeper. It includes solitary, stercoral, and ulcer of anus and rectum.
Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis, also known as colitis ulcerosa, is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease causing inflammation and ulcers in the colon and rectum, with symptoms including bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain.
Ulcerative pancolitis
Ulcerative pancolitis (pancolitis, extensive colitis, Montreal E3) is ulcerative colitis inflaming the entire colon. ICD-10 K51.0, ICD-11 DD71.0; higher colorectal cancer risk, surveillance from about 8 years after onset.
Ulcerative proctitis
Ulcerative proctitis is inflammation of the rectal mucosa confined to the rectum, the mildest form of ulcerative colitis, causing rectal bleeding and urgency, treated first with rectal 5-ASA.
Ulcerative rectosigmoiditis
Ulcerative rectosigmoiditis, also called ulcerative proctosigmoiditis (ICD-11 DD71.2), is ulcerative colitis confined to the rectum and sigmoid colon; it is the most common extent at diagnosis, progresses proximally in up to about a third of patients, and is treated first with rectal mesalamine.
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB, hematemesis, melena): bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum above the ligament of Treitz. Incidence 80-150/100,000 yearly, mortality 7-11%; peptic ulcers cause ~44%; managed with resuscitation, endoscopy within 24 hours, and post-endoscopy proton pump inhibitors.
Volvulus
Volvulus, from Latin volvere (to twist), is twisting of bowel on its mesentery causing obstruction; sigmoid volvulus is most common, treated by endoscopic detorsion then colectomy, with 45–71% recurrence without resection.
Volvulus of small intestine
Volvulus of small intestine (ICD-11 DA91.1): twisting of small bowel around its mesentery causing obstruction and strangulation risk. Rare in the West (1% of US bowel obstructions), a leading cause in Ethiopia; treated by detorsion or resection.