103 articles
Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain, also called a stomach ache, is pain felt in the abdomen, one of the most frequent symptoms in medicine and a leading reason for emergency visits.
Abnormal gastric motility
Abnormal gastric motility (ICD-11 DA41.0) covers disordered stomach motor function, chiefly gastroparesis: delayed solid-food gastric emptying without obstruction, caused by diabetes, surgery, neurological disease, or drugs; diagnosed by 4-hour scintigraphy.
Achlorhydria
Achlorhydria, also called total gastric acid absence (ICD-11 DA41.3), is the complete lack of stomach hydrochloric acid, usually from pernicious anemia, PPIs, or H. pylori, causing malabsorption, B12 and iron deficiency, and gastric cancer risk.
Acid hypersecretion
Acid hypersecretion (ICD-11 DA41.2), basal overproduction of gastric acid causing peptic ulcer and steatorrhoea; idiopathic when BAO >10 mmol/h without hypergastrinemia; treated mainly with PPIs.
Acute dilatation of stomach
Acute dilatation of the stomach, or acute gastric dilatation, is rare massive swelling of the stomach from trapped gas, secretions, or food, treated by nasogastric decompression.
Adult rumination syndrome
Adult rumination syndrome (ICD-11 DD90.6, merycism): effortless postprandial regurgitation of food that is re-chewed and re-swallowed, caused by inadvertent abdominal wall contraction; often misdiagnosed as refractory GERD; treated with diaphragmatic breathing.
Alcohol-induced gastric ulcer
Alcohol-induced gastric ulcer (ICD-11 DA60.60): gastric ulcer caused by ethanol, which disrupts the gastric mucosal barrier at concentrations of 10 percent and above, injures the microcirculation, and is aggravated by NSAIDs.
Alcoholic gastritis
Alcoholic gastritis (ICD-10 K29.2, ICD-11 DA42.80) is gastric mucosal inflammation from excessive alcohol use, presenting as acute erosive or hemorrhagic injury or chronic gastritis, often overlapping with H. pylori infection.
Angiodysplasia of stomach
Angiodysplasia of stomach (ICD-11 DA43.1, 胃の血管拡張症) is a mucosal vascular malformation of the stomach causing GI bleeding and anemia, treated mainly by argon plasma coagulation and linked to aortic stenosis in Heyde syndrome.
Arteriovenous malformation of stomach
Arteriovenous malformation of stomach (gastric AVM, ICD-11 DA43.2): a rare direct artery-vein connection in the gastric wall causing upper GI bleeding, about 1.4% of intestinal AVMs, treated by endoscopy, embolization, or resection.
Atrophic gastritis
Atrophic gastritis: chronic gastric inflammation causing thinning of the stomach lining; type A autoimmune (corpus, pernicious anemia) or type B H. pylori-associated; staged by OLGA/OLGIM, a gastric cancer risk factor.
Autoimmune gastritis
Autoimmune gastritis (AIG, type A gastritis): chronic autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells in the corpus, causing achlorhydria, intrinsic factor antibodies, vitamin B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia, and raised gastric cancer risk.
Barrett ulcer
A Barrett ulcer is a chronic peptic ulcer that develops within the metaplastic columnar epithelium lining the esophagus in Barrett's esophagus, a complication of chronic reflux disease.
Barrett's esophagus
Barrett's esophagus, also called columnar-lined esophagus, is metaplastic columnar epithelium replacing distal esophageal squamous lining, caused by chronic GERD and the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma, managed by endoscopic surveillance and ablation.
Bezoar
Bezoar: an indigestible mass (phytobezoar, trichobezoar, diospyrobezoar) in the gastrointestinal tract, once prized as an antidote; now treated by Coca-Cola dissolution, endoscopy, or surgery.
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), cannabis hyperemesis: cyclic vomiting, abdominal pain, and compulsive hot bathing from chronic cannabis use, relieved by cessation; treated with haloperidol or capsaicin.
Charles Osborne (farmer)
Charles Osborne (1893 or 1894–May 1991), American Iowa farmer, holds the Guinness record for the longest hiccup attack: 68 years, 1922 to February 1990, 20–40 hiccups per minute, about 430 million hiccups, after a 1922 hog-lifting accident.
Chemical gastritis
Chemical gastritis, also called reactive gastritis, reactive gastropathy, or type C gastritis, is stomach lining injury from chemical irritants such as NSAIDs, alcohol, and bile, with minimal inflammation; it affects about 15 percent of people in the United States.
Chemical oesophagitis
Chemical oesophagitis (caustic or corrosive oesophagitis, ICD-11 DA24.20) is esophageal inflammation from ingested acids or alkalis. Alkalis injure the esophagus most, strictures form in about 25%, endoscopy within 24 hours grades injury.
Congenital antral web
Congenital antral web (prepyloric diaphragm, gastric antral web): a rare 2–4 mm mucosal membrane 1–7 cm proximal to the pylorus causing gastric outlet obstruction, presenting with non-bilious vomiting and failure to thrive, treated surgically or by endoscopic balloon dilation.
Congenital esophageal diverticulum
Congenital esophageal diverticulum (congenital esophageal pouch, ORPHA:91358, ICD-10 Q39.6) is a rare non-syndromic birth malformation: a false esophageal outpouching, usually upper posterior, causing dysphagia, regurgitation, cough, or respiratory distress; treated by excision.
Congenital esophageal stenosis
Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES), a rare intrinsic narrowing of the esophagus present at birth (1 in 25,000-50,000 births), occurs as tracheobronchial remnants, fibromuscular stenosis, or membranous web, treated by dilatation or resection.
Congenital hiatus hernia
Congenital hiatus hernia (congenital hiatal hernia, ICD-11 LB13.1): herniation of abdominal contents, usually the stomach, through the esophageal hiatus into the mediastinum from disordered diaphragm development; rare in children, treated with repair plus fundoplication.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), a functional gut-brain disorder with recurrent stereotypical vomiting episodes separated by symptom-free intervals; key differential is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome; migraine-linked, treated with tricyclics and antiemetics.
Drug-induced gastric ulcer
Drug-induced gastric ulcer (ICD-11 DA60.62), mainly NSAID- and aspirin-caused stomach ulceration via COX-1 inhibition and prostaglandin depletion; also potassium chloride, bisphosphonates, steroids with NSAIDs, mycophenolate; prevented by PPIs, misoprostol, COX-2 inhibitors.
Drug-induced gastritis
Drug-induced gastritis (ICD-11 DA42.83, medicament-induced gastritis) is gastric mucosal injury from drugs, chiefly NSAIDs and aspirin, via COX inhibition and topical toxicity; prevented and treated with PPIs.
Drug-induced oesophagitis
Drug-induced oesophagitis (pill esophagitis, ICD-11 DA24.21): oesophageal inflammation from medication, usually a pill lodging and dissolving in the oesophagus; antibiotics, alendronate, NSAIDs, potassium chloride; self-limiting in 1-2 weeks.
Dumping syndrome
Dumping syndrome: postprandial gastrointestinal and vasomotor symptoms from rapid gastric emptying after esophageal, gastric, or bariatric surgery; early (within 30 min) and late (hypoglycemic, 1-3 h) forms; diagnosed by modified OGTT; treated with diet, acarbose, somatostatin analogues.
Duodenal erosion
Duodenal erosion (ICD-11 DA63.0): a shallow mucosal breach of the duodenum not extending through the muscularis mucosae, distinct from ulcer; may precede or accompany duodenal ulcer, diagnosed by endoscopy and biopsy.
Dysphagia
Dysphagia, difficulty swallowing, is classified as oropharyngeal or esophageal. Prevalence 10–20%; linked to stroke pneumonia risk (RR 3.17); assessed by VFSS, FEES, endoscopy, and manometry.