103 articles
Hypertensive peristalsis
Hypertensive peristalsis, also called nutcracker esophagus, was a Chicago Classification esophageal motility diagnosis defined by mean DCI over 5,000 mmHg·s·cm; it was eliminated in CC v3.0 and discontinued in v4.0 for unclear clinical significance.
Hypotensive peristalsis
Hypotensive peristalsis (ICD-11 DA21.21), also called ineffective esophageal motility, is abnormally weak (<30 mmHg) esophageal peristaltic contractions seen in GERD, scleroderma, and lung disease.
Idiopathic gastroparesis
Idiopathic gastroparesis is a stomach motility disorder marked by delayed gastric emptying and chronic upper digestive symptoms when no underlying cause can be found, accounting for 30% to 50% of gastroparesis cases.
Indigestion
Indigestion (dyspepsia) is upper abdominal pain, burning, fullness, bloating, nausea, or belching; most chronic cases are functional dyspepsia, a gut-brain interaction disorder managed by H. pylori test-and-treat, acid suppression, and alarm-feature-guided endoscopy.
Infant regurgitation
Infant regurgitation (ICD-11 DD93.0), effortless spitting up from gastroesophageal reflux in babies under 1 year; affects up to 70-85% by 2 months, resolves by 12-14 months, managed with reassurance and feed thickening.
Infectious oesophagitis
Infectious oesophagitis (感染性食道炎), ICD-11 DA24.0, is oesophageal inflammation from an infectious agent, mainly Candida, HSV, or CMV, occurring mostly in immunocompromised patients and diagnosed by endoscopy with biopsy.
Lymphocytic gastritis
Lymphocytic gastritis is a rare chronic gastritis in which T lymphocytes build up in the stomach lining, most often linked to celiac disease or Helicobacter pylori infection.
Mallory–Weiss syndrome
Mallory–Weiss syndrome: bleeding from longitudinal mucosal tears at the esophagogastric junction caused by vomiting, retching, or coughing; first described 1929; 3–10% of nonvariceal upper GI bleeds; most tears heal spontaneously.
Ménétrier disease
Ménétrier disease (giant hypertrophic gastritis, hypoproteinemic hypertrophic gastropathy) is a rare premalignant gastropathy with giant gastric folds, hypochlorhydria, and protein-losing enteropathy, driven by TGF-α/EGFR signaling; pediatric cases link to CMV.
Nausea
Nausea, also called emesis-related queasiness, is the unpleasant sensation that vomiting is imminent. It affects over 50% of adults yearly, is three times more common in women, and becomes chronic when persisting over 4 weeks.
Nausea or vomiting
Nausea or vomiting (ICD-11 MD90): nausea is the urge to vomit, vomiting the forceful expulsion of gastric contents. Common symptoms with central and peripheral mechanisms, caused by gastroenteritis, drugs, pregnancy, and many other conditions.
NK-cell enteropathy
NK-cell enteropathy, also called lymphomatoid gastropathy and now classified as indolent NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the GI tract, is a rare benign NK-cell mucosal lesion mimicking intestinal lymphoma, with indolent course, EBV negativity, and no detectable clonality.
Non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Non-erosive gastro-esophageal reflux disease (NERD), also called nonerosive reflux disease, is the more common form of GERD, causing troublesome heartburn and regurgitation without esophageal erosions on endoscopy, treated with proton pump inhibitors.
Oesophageal erosion
Oesophageal erosion (esophageal erosion, ICD-11 DA25.0) is a shallow mucosal breach of the oesophagus not extending through the muscularis mucosa, usually caused by acid reflux, diagnosed by endoscopy, and treated with proton pump inhibitors.
Oesophageal haemorrhage
Oesophageal haemorrhage (食道出血), ICD-11 code ME24.A2, is bleeding from the oesophagus classified under upper gastrointestinal bleeding; causes include varices, oesophagitis, Mallory-Weiss tears, and oesophageal haematoma.
Oesophageal obstruction
Oesophageal obstruction (ICD-11 DA20.0, ICD-10 K22.2): partial or complete blockage of the esophagus from intrinsic causes (tumors, rings, webs, strictures) or extrinsic compression, presenting as dysphagia and treated by cause-directed endoscopy.
Oesophageal ulcer
An oesophageal ulcer, spelled esophageal ulcer in American English, is a mucosal break in the oesophagus extending into deeper wall layers, usually caused by reflux or drugs.
Oesophageal varices with bleeding
Oesophageal varices with bleeding (ICD-11 DA26.00) is rupture of dilated portosystemic collateral veins in the lower oesophagus due to portal hypertension, treated with vasoactive drugs, band ligation, and TIPS; six-week mortality is 10-20%.
Oesophageal web
Oesophageal web (esophageal web): thin mucosal membrane across the upper esophagus, often with iron-deficiency anemia or Plummer-Vinson syndrome; causes dysphagia, diagnosed by barium swallow, treated by dilation.
Oesophagitis
Oesophagitis (esophagitis), inflammation of the oesophagus, ICD-11 DA24. Causes include reflux, infection, pills, allergies, radiation; EoE defined by ≥15 eosinophils/hpf.
Pediatric collagenous gastritis
Pediatric collagenous gastritis (childhood-onset collagenous gastritis, ORPHA:487809) is a rare gastric disease with a subepithelial collagen band over 10 µm, causing abdominal pain and severe iron deficiency anemia in children, with a generally benign course.
Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), also called gastric or duodenal ulcer, is a sore in the stomach or duodenal lining caused mainly by Helicobacter pylori infection or NSAIDs; antibiotics cure most cases.
Perforated ulcer
Perforated ulcer (perforated peptic ulcer): a full-thickness hole in a stomach or duodenal ulcer causing peritonitis. Treated by omental (Graham) patch repair, increasingly laparoscopic; mortality 9-40%.
Perforation of oesophagus
Perforation of oesophagus (esophageal perforation, Boerhaave syndrome when spontaneous), ICD-11 DA20.3: a hole in the oesophageal wall leaking contents into mediastinum; mostly iatrogenic, mortality about 10-15%.
Portal hypertensive gastropathy
Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG), congestive gastropathy, ICD-11 DA43.3: gastric mucosal changes of portal hypertension with a mosaic snakeskin endoscopic pattern in fundus and body; treated with beta-blockers, TIPS, or transplant.
Pyloric stenosis
Congenital (infantile) hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, IHPS: pyloric muscle hypertrophy narrowing the gastric outlet, causing projectile non-bilious vomiting at 2-6 weeks; treated by Ramstedt pyloromyotomy after fluid correction.
Radiation gastritis
Radiation gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining caused by ionizing radiation, usually during radiotherapy for stomach, esophageal, or pancreatic tumors, ranging from mild nausea to severe ulcers and bleeding.
Radiation oesophagitis
Radiation oesophagitis (radiation-induced esophagitis, RE, ICD-11 DA24.22) is radiation-caused inflammation of the esophageal mucosa after thoracic radiotherapy, causing dysphagia and odynophagia 2-3 weeks in, usually self-limited.
Regurgitation (digestion)
Regurgitation (digestion): effortless return of gastric contents or recently ingested food to the mouth, a typical GERD symptom alongside heartburn, distinct from vomiting and from rumination syndrome, and mimicked by achalasia and gastroparesis.
Rumination-regurgitation
Rumination-regurgitation, also known as rumination syndrome, is a medical behavior recognized since 1618, characterized by the effortless return of ingested food to the mouth.