103 articles
Schatzki ring
Schatzki ring, or lower esophageal mucosal ring (B ring), a thin mucosal narrowing at the gastroesophageal junction first described by Richard Schatzki in 1953; found in 6–14% of barium swallows and a common cause of intermittent solid-food dysphagia when under 13 mm.
Spastic peristalsis
Spastic peristalsis (ICD-11 DA21.22), also called distal or diffuse esophageal spasm, is a rare esophageal motility disorder with spastic non-peristaltic contractions causing chest pain and dysphagia, diagnosed by high-resolution manometry.
Spontaneous rupture of oesophagus
Spontaneous rupture of oesophagus, or Boerhaave's syndrome, is a full-thickness oesophageal tear from vomiting or straining, first described by Boerhaave in 1724; treated by primary repair, endoscopy, or conservative care, with 16-18% mortality.
Stomach disease
Stomach disease covers gastritis, peptic ulcer, GERD, gastroparesis, and gastric cancer. Key facts: Helicobacter pylori causes ulcers and cancer; Warren and Marshall won the 2005 Nobel Prize; eradication prevents ulcer recurrence.
Stomach rumble
Stomach rumble, or borborygmi (borborygmus), the gurgling noise of gas and fluid moving through the gut during peristalsis; normal in hunger via the migrating motor complex, clinically significant when absent or obstructed.
Stress ulcer of stomach
Stress ulcer of stomach (ICD-11 DA60.3), also called acute gastric stress ulcer or Curling's ulcer, is an acute gastric mucosal lesion in critically ill patients, usually superficial fundic erosions, driven by splanchnic hypoperfusion and acid, prevented with PPIs or H2RAs.
Tarrare
Tarrare (c. 1772–1798), French showman, soldier, and spy with extreme polyphagia; known only through Pierre-François Percy's 1804 memoir, swallowed documents as a courier, suspected in a toddler's disappearance, died of tuberculosis in Versailles.
Trichobezoar
Trichobezoar: a hairball (bezoar) of swallowed hair in the stomach, from trichotillomania and trichophagia; ~90% female, ages 10-19; Rapunzel syndrome when it extends into small bowel; usually surgical removal.
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB, hematemesis, melena): bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum above the ligament of Treitz. Incidence 80-150/100,000 yearly, mortality 7-11%; peptic ulcers cause ~44%; managed with resuscitation, endoscopy within 24 hours, and post-endoscopy proton pump inhibitors.
Vomiting
Vomiting (emesis): forceful expulsion of gastric contents via a medullary reflex involving the vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone. Covers causes, antiemetics, CVS, cannabinoid hyperemesis, complications, and red flags.
Vomiting in newborn
Vomiting in newborn is a pediatric condition in which a newborn forcefully ejects stomach contents through the mouth and sometimes the nose; projectile or bilious vomiting are red flags.
Xerostomia
Xerostomia (dry mouth) is the subjective sensation of oral dryness, distinct from hyposalivation. Main causes are medications, Sjögren's disease, diabetes, and head and neck radiotherapy; pilocarpine has the best-supported benefit.
Zenker's diverticulum
Zenker's diverticulum, also called a pharyngeal or pharyngoesophageal diverticulum, is an outpouching at the junction of the pharynx and esophagus that causes difficulty swallowing and regurgitation of food in elderly men.