335 articles
List of autocannibalism incidents
Autocannibalism (self-cannibalism, autosarcophagy): documented case reports of people eating their own flesh, including psychotic prisoners, tetraplegic patients, a nonpsychotic body-modification case, and TBI and intellectual-disability cases.
Localised abdominal pain
Localised abdominal pain (localized abdominal pain), ICD-11 MD81.1, SNOMED CT 102613000: pain confined to one area of the belly, suggesting a single-organ cause such as appendicitis, cholecystitis, or diverticulitis rather than generalized pain.
Lymphocytic colitis
Lymphocytic colitis, a subtype of microscopic colitis with collagenous colitis, causes chronic watery diarrhea with a normal-appearing colon; diagnosis requires biopsies showing ≥20 intraepithelial lymphocytes per 100 enterocytes, and budesonide is first-line treatment.
Lymphocytic gastritis
Lymphocytic gastritis is a rare chronic gastritis in which T lymphocytes build up in the stomach lining, most often linked to celiac disease or Helicobacter pylori infection.
Lymphoid polyp
Lymphoid polyp (lymphoid hyperplasia, benign lymphoma): a benign polyp of well-differentiated lymphoid tissue, typically in the terminal ileum or rectum, self-limiting and often mimicking carcinoid or lymphoma.
Malabsorption
Malabsorption, also called malabsorption syndrome, is impaired assimilation of dietary nutrients due to defects in digestion, absorption, or transport, causing diarrhea, weight loss, and nutritional deficiencies.
Mallory–Weiss syndrome
Mallory–Weiss syndrome: bleeding from longitudinal mucosal tears at the esophagogastric junction caused by vomiting, retching, or coughing; first described 1929; 3–10% of nonvariceal upper GI bleeds; most tears heal spontaneously.
Meckel's diverticulum
Meckel's diverticulum, a true ileal diverticulum from vitelline duct persistence, affects 1–3% of people; ectopic gastric mucosa causes bleeding, obstruction, or diverticulitis, diagnosed by Tc-99m scan and treated by resection.
Meconium ileus with perforation
Meconium ileus with perforation (ICD-11 KB87.4) is complicated neonatal ileus where thick meconium obstructs the distal ileum and the bowel ruptures, causing meconium peritonitis; usually linked to cystic fibrosis and treated surgically.
Megacolon
Megacolon is abnormal dilatation of the colon, also called congenital megacolon in Hirschsprung disease. Covers toxic megacolon (>6 cm dilation with systemic toxicity), Ogilvie syndrome, and acquired idiopathic megacolon.
Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome
MMIHS, or Berdon syndrome, is a rare congenital smooth muscle disorder causing megacystis, microcolon, and absent intestinal peristalsis, usually from autosomal dominant de novo ACTG2 mutations, managed with parenteral nutrition and transplantation.
Megaloappendix
Megaloappendix (ICD-11 DB11.0) is an abnormally long, enlarged vermiform appendix; the largest removed measured 55 cm in a 2011 Qatari case report, versus a 6–9 cm normal average.
Melaena
Melaena (melena), ICD-11 ME24.A4 / ICD-10 K92.1, is the passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools from digested blood, usually signaling upper GI bleeding above the ligament of Treitz, distinct from iron- or bismuth-stained black stool.
Melena
Melena is black, tarry, foul-smelling stool from gastrointestinal bleeding, usually upper GI (stomach, duodenum); hematin from digested blood colors it, over 100 mL blood makes one stool, and iron or bismuth can mimic it.
Ménétrier disease
Ménétrier disease (giant hypertrophic gastritis, hypoproteinemic hypertrophic gastropathy) is a rare premalignant gastropathy with giant gastric folds, hypochlorhydria, and protein-losing enteropathy, driven by TGF-α/EGFR signaling; pediatric cases link to CMV.
Mesenteric peritonitis
Mesenteric peritonitis (ICD-11 DC50.11) is a specified secondary peritonitis defined as peritonitis due to mesenterial fat necrosis or saponification; ICD-10-CM equivalent K65.8, ICD-10-AM K65.22.
Microscopic colitis
Microscopic colitis (collagenous colitis, lymphocytic colitis) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease causing watery diarrhea with normal colonoscopy, diagnosed by biopsy histology; budesonide is first-line therapy.
Mucocele of appendix
Mucocele of appendix (appendiceal mucocele): mucin-filled cystic dilatation of the appendix, a descriptive term covering retention cysts through LAMN, HAMN, and mucinous adenocarcinoma; rupture risks pseudomyxoma peritonei; treated by appendectomy guided by pathology.
Nausea
Nausea, also called emesis-related queasiness, is the unpleasant sensation that vomiting is imminent. It affects over 50% of adults yearly, is three times more common in women, and becomes chronic when persisting over 4 weeks.
Nausea or vomiting
Nausea or vomiting (ICD-11 MD90): nausea is the urge to vomit, vomiting the forceful expulsion of gastric contents. Common symptoms with central and peripheral mechanisms, caused by gastroenteritis, drugs, pregnancy, and many other conditions.
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is inflammatory bowel necrosis mainly in preterm, very low birth weight infants; incidence up to 22% under 1,000 g, mortality about 25% (35% surgical), driven by dysbiosis, immaturity, and feeding.
Neonatal peritonitis
Neonatal peritonitis (ICD-11 KB8B) is acute peritoneal inflammation in newborns 0-28 days, usually from intestinal perforation, NEC, or obstruction; bacterial or chemical, with high mortality and ampicillin-gentamicin-clindamycin empiric therapy.
NK-cell enteropathy
NK-cell enteropathy, also called lymphomatoid gastropathy and now classified as indolent NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the GI tract, is a rare benign NK-cell mucosal lesion mimicking intestinal lymphoma, with indolent course, EBV negativity, and no detectable clonality.
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS, also non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity, NCGWS): intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms from gluten-containing foods without celiac disease or wheat allergy; fructans may trigger symptoms more than gluten.
Non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Non-erosive gastro-esophageal reflux disease (NERD), also called nonerosive reflux disease, is the more common form of GERD, causing troublesome heartburn and regurgitation without esophageal erosions on endoscopy, treated with proton pump inhibitors.
Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia
Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia (NOMI), also nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, is intestinal ischemia without mesenteric vessel obstruction, caused by low-flow states and vasospasm; treated with resuscitation, intra-arterial vasodilators, and surgery.
Nonspecific mesenteric lymphadenitis
Nonspecific mesenteric lymphadenitis, also called primary mesenteric adenitis, is a self-limiting inflammation of the abdominal lymph nodes draining the intestine that mainly affects children and mimics appendicitis.
Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding
Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is bleeding from the digestive tract with no source found after negative endoscopy; it may be visible or hidden, such as iron-deficiency anemia.
Obstruction of duodenum
Obstruction of the duodenum, or duodenal obstruction, is a partial or complete blockage of the first part of the small intestine, common in newborns with duodenal atresia.
Obstruction of large intestine
Obstruction of large intestine (large bowel obstruction, LBO): blockage of colon or rectum, 20–25% of bowel obstructions. Main causes colorectal cancer (50–60%), volvulus, diverticular strictures; CT is definitive imaging; mortality 9.8–20%.