229 articles
Cefadroxil
Cefadroxil (Duricef) is a first-generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic for urinary tract, skin, and streptococcal pharyngitis infections; its longer half-life than cephalexin allows once- or twice-daily dosing with similar efficacy.
Cefalexin
Cefalexin (cephalexin, Keflex) is a first-generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic, bactericidal via penicillin-binding protein inhibition, dosed 250 mg q6h to 4 g/day, renally excreted unchanged, used for skin, urinary, bone, and respiratory infections.
Cefazolin
Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol) is a first-generation parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C, approved in the U.S. in 1973, used for surgical prophylaxis and MSSA infections, limited by the cefazolin inoculum effect.
Cefdinir
Cefdinir (Omnicef) is an extended-spectrum, third-generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic for mild to moderate infections including otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and skin infections; renal elimination, half-life 1.7 hours.
Cefepime
Cefepime (Maxipime) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, IV, approved 1996, used for pneumonia, febrile neutropenia, and UTIs; renally cleared, with dose-dependent neurotoxicity risk in renal impairment.
Cefiderocol
Cefiderocol (Fetroja, Fetcroja), formerly S-649266, is Shionogi's siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic using a Trojan horse iron-uptake mechanism against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, approved 2019-2020 in the US and EU.
Cefixime
Cefixime (Suprax) is an oral third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, U.S. approved 1986, used for UTIs, otitis media, bronchitis, and as an 800 mg alternative to ceftriaxone for gonorrhea.
Cefmenoxime
Cefmenoxime (SCE-1365, A-50912) is a third-generation injectable aminothiazolyl cephalosporin antibiotic developed by Takeda, active against Enterobacteriaceae and resistant to beta-lactamases, with an NMTT side chain linked rarely to bleeding and disulfiram-like reactions.
Cefmetazole
Cefmetazole (CS-1170), a semisynthetic cephamycin second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic given parenterally, similar to cefoxitin; marketed in the US as ZEFAZONE (approved 1989, withdrawn 2001) and still used in Asia for ESBL-E infections.
Cefonicid
Cefonicid (Monocid) is a long-acting second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic given IV or IM once daily, with a ~4.5-hour half-life and 98% protein binding; FDA-approved 1984, withdrawn from the US market by 2002.
Ceforanide
Ceforanide (BL-S786, Precef) is a discontinued second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic given intravenously or intramuscularly, with a roughly 3-hour half-life, renal elimination, activity against coliforms and H. influenzae, and no Pseudomonas coverage.
Cefotaxime
Cefotaxime sodium, sold as Claforan, is an injectable third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, the first of its class to reach the market in Germany in 1980, used for serious gram-negative infections and preferred in neonates.
Cefotetan
Cefotetan (CEFOTAN), a 7-alpha-methoxy cephamycin beta-lactam antibiotic, IV/IM, half-life 3-4.6 hours, beta-lactamase resistant, anaerobe-active; FDA approved 1985; not active against Pseudomonas.
Cefotiam
Cefotiam (SCE 963, Ceradon) is a second-generation cephalosporin beta-lactam antibiotic developed by Takeda, synthesized 1974, launched in Japan 1981, FDA-approved 1988, given intravenously and orally as prodrug cefotiam hexetil.
Cefpiramide
Cefpiramide (SM-1652) is a third-generation parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic, FDA-approved 1989 and later discontinued, active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and mainly excreted in bile, with a half-life of about 4.4 hours.
Cefpirome
Cefpirome (HR 810, Cefrom) is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a C-3 pyridinium group, given IV 2 g twice daily for severe pneumonia, sepsis, and febrile neutropenia; renal elimination, ~2 h half-life, efficacy equivalent to ceftazidime.
Cefpodoxime
Cefpodoxime, developed by Sankyo under the brand name Vantin, is a semi-synthetic third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis against mild to moderate infections.
Cefprozil anhydrous, (e)-
Cefprozil anhydrous, (E)- is the trans isomer of cefprozil, a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic; the drug substance is a Z/E mixture of at least 90% cis, with the E-isomer the minor component.
Ceftaroline fosamil
Ceftaroline fosamil (Teflaro, Zinforo; TAK-599, PPI-0903) is a fifth-generation cephalosporin prodrug of ceftaroline active against MRSA via PBP2a, FDA-approved 2010 for ABSSSI and CABP.
Ceftazidime
Ceftazidime, also known as Fortaz or Tazicef, is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic given intravenously or intramuscularly every 8 or 12 hours; approved in 1985, it treats serious Gram-negative infections including Pseudomonas and cystic fibrosis respiratory infections, and is combined with avibactam (AVYCAZ, 2015) against resistant bacteria.
Ceftibuten
Ceftibuten (Cedax, ceftibuten dihydrate) is an oral third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, the most potent oral cephalosporin against most Enterobacteriaceae but inactive against staphylococci; 75–90% oral absorption, dosed 400 mg daily in adults.
Ceftobiprole medocaril free acid
Ceftobiprole medocaril free acid is a cephalosporin prodrug, marketed as Zevtera. The U.S. approved it on April 3, 2024, for intravenous treatment of S. aureus bacteremia.
Ceftolozane
Ceftolozane (Zerbaxa, with tazobactam) is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic active against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and ESBL-producing Enterobacterales, FDA-approved in December 2014 for cUTI, cIAI, and later pneumonia.
Ceftriaxone
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic given IV or IM, with an 8-hour half-life enabling once-daily dosing; sole CDC-recommended gonorrhea treatment and used for meningitis, UTI, and sepsis.
Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime, sold as Ceftin and Zinacef, is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed by Glaxo and approved in 1983 to treat bacterial infections, including Lyme disease and gonorrhea.
Cephaloglycin
Cephaloglycin, also called cefaloglycin, is the first oral cephalosporin C antibiotic, a phenylglycine analogue of cephalothin developed by Eli Lilly, used for urinary tract infections, converted to active desacetylcephaloglycin, nephrotoxic, and no longer in common use.
Cephalosporin
Cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics derived from Cephalosporium acremonium, discovered by Brotzu in Sardinia in 1945; grouped into five generations by spectrum, from cefazolin to ceftaroline and the siderophore cefiderocol.
Cephapirin
Cephapirin (cefapirin, Cefadyl) is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, similar to cephalothin, approved in the US in 1974; no human products remain approved, and it is now used only as an intramammary mastitis treatment (ToDAY, ToMORROW) in dairy cattle.
Cephradine
Cephradine, also spelled cefradine, is a first-generation cephalosporin β-lactam antibiotic given orally or by injection against respiratory, urinary, bone, and skin infections, marketed as Velosef.
Cethromycin
Cethromycin (ABT-773, Restanza) is a second-generation ketolide antibiotic for community-acquired pneumonia; binds 23S rRNA at two sites, overcomes macrolide resistance, noninferior to clarithromycin, FDA approval denied in 2009.