148 articles
Adamax
Adamax (Adamax peptide) is a gray-market research-chemical name for a claimed N-acetylated, adamantane-modified Semax analogue sold as a nootropic; it has no published studies, an unsettled structure, no CAS or PubChem record, and no regulatory approval anywhere.
Adrafinil
Adrafinil (CRL40,028) is a synthetic benzhydrylsulfinyl wake-promoting prodrug identified in 1974 at Laboratoire Lafon, metabolized to modafinil; approved in France 1981 and 1985, withdrawn 2011, never US/EU approved, now sold as a nootropic.
Almotriptan
Almotriptan (Almogran, Axert) is an oral 5-HT1B/1D triptan for acute migraine, approved 2001; standard 12.5 mg dose matches sumatriptan 100 mg efficacy with fewer adverse events.
Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine
Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC, choline alphoscerate) is a choline-donor phospholipid (C8H20NO6P, 41% choline) used as a drug and supplement for cognitive impairment, with pooled trial benefits and an unresolved stroke-risk signal.
Amantadine
Amantadine (1-aminoadamantane, Symmetrel, GOCOVRI) is an adamantane antiviral approved in 1966 for influenza A2, serendipitously found to treat Parkinson's disease, now used for dyskinesia; CDC no longer recommends it for flu due to resistance.
Amifampridine
Amifampridine (3,4-diaminopyridine; brands Firdapse, Ruzurgi) is a potassium channel blocker for symptomatic treatment of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, approved in the EU (2009) and US (2018).
Anivecrine succinate (octohydroaminoacridine)
Anivecrine succinate (琥珀酸安维吖啶, octohydroaminoacridine succinate, brand 耄安通) is a Chinese class 1 dual acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor tablet approved by NMPA in June 2026 for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease, developed by Tonghua Jinma over 20-plus years.
Apomorphine
Apomorphine: non-ergoline dopamine agonist derived from morphine (Arppe 1845; Matthiessen and Wright 1869), no opioid activity; used as subcutaneous injection or infusion for Parkinson's disease off episodes; FDA approvals 2004, 2020, 2025.
Armodafinil
Armodafinil (Nuvigil), the R-enantiomer of modafinil, is a Schedule IV wakefulness-promoting drug approved in 2007 for sleepiness in narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, and shift work disorder; dosed 150-250 mg daily, half-life about 15 hours.
AYUSH-56
AYUSH-56 is a CCRAS coded Ayurvedic anti-epileptic drug for epilepsy (Apasmara), made from Marsilea minuta and Nardostachys jatamansi, patented 1976 (No. 141170), studied in 273 subjects with 65% fit reduction, and technology-transferred via NRDC.
Azeliragon
Azeliragon (TTP488, PF-04494700) is an oral RAGE antagonist developed by TransTech Pharma and vTv Therapeutics; its Phase 3 Alzheimer's STEADFAST trials failed in 2018, and it is now in oncology trials.
Azetukalner
Azetukalner (formerly XEN1101, encukalner) is a Xenon Pharmaceuticals Kv7.2/Kv7.3 potassium channel opener for focal seizures; FDA NDA submitted September 2026 after positive X-TOLE phase 2b and phase 3 trials.
Barbexaclone
Barbexaclone (Maliasin) is a salt of phenobarbital and propylhexedrine, ATC N03AA04, an anticonvulsant developed in 1950s Switzerland, used widely in Turkey until 2009, now largely discontinued.
Blarcamesine
Blarcamesine (ANAVEX2-73) is an investigational oral activator of the sigma-1 receptor developed by Anavex as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease, which the EMA recommended rejecting in December 2025.
Brivaracetam
Brivaracetam (Briviact) is a racetam antiseizure medication, an n-propyl levetiracetam analogue binding SV2A with 15-30-fold higher affinity, approved 2016 for focal seizures; generics FDA-approved February 2026.
Buntanetap
Buntanetap (Posiphen, ANVS-401), Annovis Bio's oral translation inhibitor of APP, tau, and alpha-synuclein, in Phase 3 for early Alzheimer's (NCT06709014) and Parkinson's disease; investigational, not FDA approved.
Butylphthalide
Butylphthalide (丁苯酞, NBP, Enbipu) is a Chinese Class 1 neuroprotective drug for mild-to-moderate acute ischemic stroke, derived from celery seed compounds, approved in 2002, dosed 0.2 g three times daily for 20 days.
Carbidopa anhydrous
Carbidopa anhydrous (UNII KR87B45RGH, CAS 28860-95-9, C10H14N2O4, MW 226.3) is the water-free form of the peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor combined with levodopa for Parkinson's disease, first marketed in 1975.
Carbidopa/levodopa
Carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet and related brands) is a Parkinson's disease drug combination; carbidopa blocks peripheral levodopa breakdown, cutting required levodopa dose about 75 percent, commercially available since 1975.
Carisbamate
Carisbamate, developed as RWJ-333369, is an investigational antiseizure medication of the alkyl-carbamate family originally developed by Johnson & Johnson for partial-onset seizures; after its 2010 withdrawal, SK Life Science resumed phase 3 development for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Cenobamate
Cenobamate (Xcopri, Ontozry) is a carbamate antiseizure drug for adjunctive treatment of drug-resistant focal-onset seizures in adults, acting on sodium channels and GABAA receptors, with high seizure-freedom rates, DRESS and QT-shortening risks, and slow titration.
Centanafadine
Centanafadine (Simtriyo) is a first-in-class norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin reuptake inhibitor and CNS stimulant approved by FDA in July 2026 for ADHD in adults and children 6 and older, pending DEA scheduling; efficacy is below lisdexamfetamine and comparable to methylphenidate and atomoxetine.
Clonidine
Clonidine (Catapres, Kapvay) is a centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist developed at Boehringer Ingelheim in the 1960s as a nasal decongestant, now used for hypertension, ADHD, tics, and opioid withdrawal, with rebound hypertension on abrupt withdrawal.
Crisugabalin
Crisugabalin (HSK16149) is a third-generation oral calcium channel α2δ ligand GABA analog by Haisco, approved in China for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain and postherpetic neuralgia, studied also for postoperative and central neuropathic pain.
Dalfampridine
Dalfampridine (fampridine, 4-aminopyridine; brands Ampyra, Fampyra) is an extended-release potassium channel blocker improving walking in MS (EDSS 4-7); 10 mg twice daily, about one third of patients respond with ~25% speed gain; seizure and renal-impairment contraindications.
Dalzanemdor
Dalzanemdor (SAGE-718) is an investigational oral NMDA receptor positive allosteric modulator by Sage Therapeutics for cognitive impairment in Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease; all phase 2 trials missed endpoints and development was discontinued in 2024.
Dexmethylphenidate
Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin, Focalin XR) is the d-threo enantiomer of methylphenidate, a schedule II CNS stimulant for ADHD in adults and children, dosed at half the racemic methylphenidate dose.
Dexpramipexole
Dexpramipexole (KNS-760704, BIIB050), the R(+) enantiomer of pramipexole, is an oral small molecule that failed phase 3 testing in ALS (EMPOWER) and is now developed as an eosinophil-lowering therapy for eosinophilic asthma.
Dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan (DXM, Romilar), a morphinan NMDA antagonist and sigma-1 agonist: OTC cough suppressant since 1958, and prescription drug in Nuedexta (pseudobulbar affect) and Auvelity (depression, Alzheimer's agitation).
Dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide (diclofenamide; Daranide, Keveyis) is an oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, first US-approved 1958, now the sole FDA-approved drug for primary hyperkalemic and hypokalemic periodic paralysis.