148 articles
Sodium oligomannate
Sodium oligomannate (GV-971, 甘露特钠胶囊, brand 九期一) is a brown-algae-derived oligosaccharide drug conditionally approved in China in 2019 for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease; its registration lapsed in 2024 and production is suspended.
Solriamfetol
Solriamfetol (Sunosi) is a once-daily oral dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor approved in 2019 in the US and EU to improve wakefulness in adults with excessive daytime sleepiness from narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea; doses 37.5-150 mg, Schedule IV, main risk dose-related blood pressure increases.
Soticlestat
Soticlestat (TAK-935, OV935) is an investigational cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor for Dravet syndrome and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome whose phase 3 trials missed their endpoints, and Takeda discontinued it in January 2025.
Stiripentol
Stiripentol (Diacomit) is a third-generation antiseizure medication, a GABAergic and CYP-inhibiting dioxolane approved from 2007 (EU) and 2018 (FDA) as add-on to clobazam and valproate for refractory tonic-clonic seizures in Dravet syndrome.
Sulthiame
Sulthiame (sultiame, Ospolot) is a sulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitor antiseizure drug (ATC N03AX03) used in Europe and Israel for rolandic epilepsy, investigated for sleep apnea, not licensed in the US or UK.
Sumatriptan
Sumatriptan (Imigran, Imitrex) is the first triptan, a 5-HT1B/1D agonist for acute migraine and cluster headache, available as tablets, nasal spray, and subcutaneous injection since 1991.
Tarenflurbil
Tarenflurbil (MPC-7869, Flurizan, R-flurbiprofen) is a γ-secretase modulator developed by Myriad Genetics to lower Aβ42 in Alzheimer disease; its phase 3 trials failed and development was discontinued in 2008.
Tavapadon
Tavapadon (PF-06649751, CVL-751; brand Juvmo) is an oral once-daily selective D1/D5 partial dopamine agonist for Parkinson disease in adults, FDA approved 2026 after the TEMPO-1 to TEMPO-4 phase 3 trials.
Tirasemtiv
Tirasemtiv (CK-2017357), a Cytokinetics fast skeletal muscle troponin activator for ALS, slowed vital capacity and strength decline in phase IIb but failed its phase III VITALITY-ALS primary endpoint; development suspended 2017.
Tofersen
Tofersen (Qalsody), a Biogen antisense oligonucleotide for SOD1-mutant ALS, degrades SOD1 mRNA via RNase H; FDA accelerated approval April 25, 2023 based on plasma NfL reduction despite a missed VALOR functional endpoint.
Tolcapone
Tolcapone (Tasmar) is a first-generation oral COMT inhibitor used with levodopa/carbidopa for Parkinson's motor fluctuations; most effective in its class but second-line due to rare fatal hepatotoxicity requiring liver monitoring.
Tolebrutinib
Tolebrutinib (Cenrifki, PRN2246, SAR442168) is Sanofi's oral brain-penetrant covalent BTK inhibitor for multiple sclerosis; it slowed disability progression in non-relapsing SPMS (HERCULES) but was rejected by the FDA over liver injury, while gaining EU approval in 2026.
Topiramate
Topiramate (Topamax) is a sulfamate-derived broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug approved for partial-onset and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and migraine prevention, acting via sodium channel, GABA-A, AMPA/kainate, and carbonic anhydrase mechanisms.
Tozadenant
Tozadenant (SYN115) is an oral, selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist developed by Biotie Therapies for Parkinson's disease OFF episodes; effective in phase 2b but discontinued after agranulocytosis deaths in phase 3.
Trimethadione
Trimethadione (Tridione, troxidone) is an oxazolidinedione anticonvulsant approved in the US in 1946 for refractory absence seizures; it blocks thalamic T-type calcium channels and was withdrawn in the mid-1990s.
Troriluzole
Troriluzole (BHV-4157, trigriluzole, proposed Vyglxia) is Biohaven's oral tripeptide prodrug of riluzole, a glutamate modulator studied in phase III trials for spinocerebellar ataxia and OCD.
Ubrogepant
Ubrogepant (Ubrelvy), oral CGRP receptor antagonist (gepant) by Allergan/AbbVie, FDA-approved 2019 for acute migraine with or without aura in adults; 50-100 mg dosing, CYP3A4 interactions, first oral CGRP antagonist approved.
Urinary kallidinogenase
Urinary kallidinogenase (HUK, 尤瑞克林) is a 238-amino-acid tissue kallikrein extracted from human urine, approved in China in 2005 for mild-to-moderate acute thrombotic ischemic stroke; it dilates ischemic-region microvessels via the kallikrein-kinin system, with blood-pressure reduction as its main adverse effect.
Valiltramiprosate
Valiltramiprosate (ALZ-801) is Alzheon's oral valine-conjugated prodrug of tramiprosate that inhibits Aβ oligomer formation; Phase 3 APOLLOE4 in APOE4/4 early Alzheimer's completed, not approved.
Valnoctamide
Valnoctamide (VCD), CAS 4171-13-5, is a chiral valproic acid amide derivative with anticonvulsant activity, GABA_A modulation distinct from benzodiazepines, low teratogenicity, and mixed trial results in mania.
Verubecestat
Verubecestat (MK-8931), Merck's oral BACE1/BACE2 inhibitor for Alzheimer's disease, was the first BACE1 inhibitor to reach phase 3 but failed in the EPOCH and APECS trials, which were terminated for futility with possible cognitive worsening.
Vidofludimus
Vidofludimus (SC12267, 4SC-101; calcium salt IMU-838) is an oral DHODH inhibitor and Nurr1 activator in phase 3 ENSURE trials for relapsing multiple sclerosis, with antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects.
Xaliproden
Xaliproden (SR 57746A) is an orally active, non-peptidic 5-HT1A receptor agonist with neurotrophic activity developed by Sanofi-Aventis for ALS, Alzheimer's disease, and neuropathy; phase III trials failed and development was discontinued.
Zatolmilast
Zatolmilast (BPN14770; also S-898270) is an investigational oral PDE4D inhibitor developed for Fragile X syndrome, discovered by Tetra Therapeutics, which Shionogi acquired in 2020; it is not yet approved.
Zilganersen
Zilganersen (Zanvastro, research code ION373) is an antisense oligonucleotide drug developed by Ionis Pharmaceuticals, approved by the FDA in 2026 as the first treatment for Alexander disease.
Zilucoplan
Zilucoplan (Zilbrysq, RA101495) is a 15-amino-acid synthetic macrocyclic peptide C5 complement inhibitor, self-injected once daily, approved 2023-2024 for AChR antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis in Japan, the US, EU, and Canada.
Zolmitriptan
Zolmitriptan (Zomig) is a 5-HT1B/1D agonist triptan for acute migraine in adults, US-approved 1997; tablets, ODT, and nasal spray, 1.25-5 mg doses, max 10 mg/24 h.
Zonisamide
Zonisamide (Zonegran, Excegran, Trerief) is a 1,2-benzisoxazole sulfonamide antiepileptic drug blocking sodium and T-type calcium channels, approved in Japan in 1989 for epilepsy and later as adjunctive therapy for Parkinson's disease and DLB parkinsonism.