Human health and medicine

CAN-BIND-1 trial

CAN-BIND-1 (NCT01655706) is a Canadian multisite biomarker trial in major depression: 211 adults received escitalopram 8 weeks, then adjunctive aripiprazole for non-responders, with multimodal MRI, EEG, and blood predictors of response.

Canadian Cardiovascular Society

Canadian Cardiovascular Society (Société cardiovasculaire du Canada), founded 1946 as the Canadian Heart Association, renamed 1962; national society of 2,500+ cardiovascular professionals, publisher of the Canadian Journal of Cardiology and CCS guidelines.

Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading of angina pectoris

Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) grading of angina pectoris, Campeau 1976: a four-class scale (I to IV) grading effort angina severity by the activity level provoking symptoms; widely used in guidelines, with known reproducibility limits.

Canadian Medical Association

Canadian Medical Association (CMA), founded October 1867 in Quebec City by 164 physicians with Sir Charles Tupper as first president; national physician federation publishing CMAJ and advocating on Canadian health policy.

Sep 29, 2026

Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale

The Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) is a five-level triage system used in emergency departments, assigning each patient an acuity level from resuscitation to non-urgent.

Canagliflozin

Canagliflozin (Invokana) is an SGLT2 inhibitor approved in the US in 2013 for type 2 diabetes, later for cardiovascular and kidney risk reduction; CANVAS and CREDENCE trials established its benefits, and its 2017 amputation boxed warning was removed in 2020.

Canakinumab

Canakinumab (Ilaris) is a human IgG1/κ monoclonal antibody neutralizing interleukin-1 beta, approved since 2009 for CAPS, TRAPS, HIDS/MKD, FMF, Still's disease, and gout flares.

Sep 29, 2026

Canaloplasty

Canaloplasty is a glaucoma operation, first reported in 2007, that catheterizes Schlemm's canal around its full circumference, dilates it, and tensions it with a suture.

Canavan disease

Canavan disease, also called spongy degeneration of the brain or aspartoacylase deficiency, is an autosomal recessive leukodystrophy from ASPA mutations causing NAA buildup, macrocephaly, hypotonia, seizures, and shortened lifespan; AAV9 gene therapy trials are recruiting.

Cancer

Cancer, also known as malignant neoplasia, is a disease in which some of the body's cells grow uncontrollably and spread, with more than 100 named types.

Cancer discovery

Cancer Discovery is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the American Association for Cancer Research in Philadelphia since 2011, covering basic, translational, and clinical cancer research.

Cancer epidemiology

Cancer epidemiology, the study of cancer causes, prevention, screening, survivorship, and population trends using observational and registry data; anchored by journals Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention (AACR) and Cancer Epidemiology (Elsevier, ISSN 1877-7821).

Cancer genetics

Cancer genetics: the medical field studying genetic and genomic factors in cancer, split into somatic tumor testing and germline risk-allele testing; also the Elsevier journal Cancer Genetics, ISSN 2210-7762, continuing Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics since 2011.

Cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy: treatments that harness the immune system against tumors, chiefly checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4), CAR-T cells, bispecifics, and vaccines; ~20-30% metastatic response rates, durable remissions, immune-related toxicities.

Cancer Institute (WIA)

Cancer Institute (WIA), or Adyar Cancer Institute, is a charitable cancer hospital in Adyar, Chennai, founded in 1954 by Muthulakshmi Reddy; first comprehensive cancer center in South India, with 675+ beds and the Tamil Nadu Cancer Registry.

Cancer of unknown primary site

Cancer of unknown primary site (CUP, carcinoma of unknown primary, occult primary tumor) is metastatic cancer whose origin remains unidentified after a full diagnostic workup; about 1-5% of cancers, poor prognosis, treated empirically or by molecular profiling.

Cancer prevention research

Cancer Prevention Research (CaPR), ISSN 1940-6207, is a monthly peer-reviewed journal published by the American Association for Cancer Research since 2008, covering cancer prevention, early detection, and interception research.

Cancer research

Cancer research: the scientific study of cancer's biology, prevention, detection, and treatment. Also the flagship AACR journal Cancer Research (ISSN 0008-5472), launched 1941, continuing The American Journal of Cancer.

Cancer risk

Cancer risk: the probability of developing or dying from cancer over a defined period, expressed as absolute or relative risk. Covers risk factors, IARC hazard classification, Gail-model risk tools, and risk communication.

Cancer staging

Cancer staging, chiefly the UICC/AJCC TNM system (Tumor, Nodes, Metastases), classifies cancer extent by primary tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis; developed by Pierre Denoix 1943–1952, now in its 9th edition effective 1 January 2026.

Cancer vaccine

Cancer vaccine: immunization against cancer, either preventive (HPV vaccines such as Gardasil 9) or therapeutic (sipuleucel-T, T-VEC, personalized neoantigen mRNA vaccines like intismeran/V940), distinguished from infectious-disease vaccines by targeting tumor antigens.

Cancer-associated retinopathy

Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) is a rare paraneoplastic disorder in which antibodies against retinal proteins cause sudden, usually bilateral vision loss, often before the underlying cancer is found.

Cancer-treatment-related lymphedema

Cancer-treatment-related lymphedema is chronic limb or trunk swelling caused by cancer treatment, especially lymph node surgery and radiation, affecting about 1 in 5 breast cancer patients.

Cancer. cytopathology

Cancer Cytopathology is an American Cancer Society peer-reviewed cytopathology journal, first issued 27 February 1997 as a section of Cancer and independent since volume 118 (2010); edited by William C. Faquin, IF 2.9, highest-ranked cytopathology journal.

CanCOLD study

CanCOLD (Canadian Cohort Obstructive Lung Disease) is a longitudinal, population-based COPD cohort following about 1,500 Canadians aged 40+ at nine sites since 2009, descended from BOLD/COLD, with over 60 sub-studies.

Candanabalalaksadi Taila

Candana Bala Taila (Chandana Balalakshadi Taila) is a classical Ayurvedic medicated sesame oil from Yogaratnakara's fever chapter, combining sandalwood, bala (Sida cordifolia), and laksha; used externally in fever and childhood muscular weakness, listed in the AFI.

Candanadi Curna

Candanadi Cirna (Candanādi Cūrṇa, चन्दनादि चूर्ण), also Chandanadi churna, is an official Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part I 7:9 sandalwood-based powder with Lauha-bhasma, used classically for prameha, cough, chronic fever, hemorrhoids, and jaundice.