Human health and medicine

CanSino recombinant poliomyelitis vaccine

CanSino's Recombinant Trivalent Poliomyelitis Vaccine (Sf-RVN Cell), also called VLP-Polio, is a non-infectious virus-like-particle polio vaccine using stabilized capsid proteins of serotypes 1-3 in insect cells, in Phase II trials in Indonesia with Gates Foundation funding.

Canthotomy

Canthotomy is an emergency procedure that cuts the lateral canthus of the eye to relieve orbital compartment syndrome, usually combined with cantholysis, before irreversible vision loss occurs.

Cantilevers study

Cantilevers study: clinical research on implant-supported fixed dental prostheses with cantilever extensions. Key finding: implant survival and bone levels comparable to non-cantilever prostheses, but mechanical complications significantly higher.

CANTO trial

CANTO (CANcer TOxicities, NCT01993498) is a French UNICANCER prospective cohort, not a randomized trial, following 12,012 women with stage I-III breast cancer since 2012 to predict long-term treatment toxicities.

Cantú syndrome

Cantú syndrome (hypertrichotic osteochondrodysplasia, OMIM 239850): rare autosomal dominant KATP channelopathy from gain-of-function ABCC9 or KCNJ8 variants, causing congenital hypertrichosis, coarse facies, cardiomegaly, PDA, and skeletal changes.

CANVAS trial

CANVAS (CANagliflozin cardioVascular Assessment Study, NCT01032629) was Janssen's phase 3 placebo-controlled trial of canagliflozin in 4,330 type 2 diabetes patients at cardiovascular risk; with CANVAS-R it formed the 10,142-patient CANVAS Program.

Cap myopathy

Cap myopathy (cap disease) is a very rare congenital myopathy with facial, respiratory, and limb weakness from ACTA1, TPM2, or TPM3 mutations; severity tracks with the percentage of muscle fibers bearing cap-like thin-filament inclusions.

Cap polyposis

Cap polyposis is a rare, benign colorectal condition in which inflammatory polyps covered by a white cap arise mainly in the rectum, causing rectal bleeding and altered bowel habits.

Capecitabine

Capecitabine (Xeloda) is Roche's oral fluoropyrimidine prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, FDA-approved 1998 for colorectal, breast, gastric, esophageal, and pancreatic cancers; key facts include X-ACT noninferiority and DPYD testing.

Capecitabine and gemcitabine regimen

The capecitabine and gemcitabine regimen (GEM-CAP, CapGem) is a doublet chemotherapy combining oral capecitabine with intravenous gemcitabine, used to treat advanced pancreatic and biliary tract cancers.

Capecitabine and paclitaxel regimen

The capecitabine and paclitaxel regimen is a combination chemotherapy doublet pairing oral capecitabine, a fluoropyrimidine prodrug, with intravenous paclitaxel, a taxane, given in 21-day cycles for metastatic breast and advanced gastric cancer.

CAPER trial

CAPER trial (NCT06956664), Exercise Therapy After Caudal Epidural Steroid Injection, a Turkish three-arm randomized trial testing aerobic versus core-stabilization exercise added to physiotherapy after caudal epidural steroid injection for lumbar disc herniation.

Capgras delusion

Capgras delusion (illusion des sosies), described by Joseph Capgras in 1923, is the delusional belief that a familiar person has been replaced by an identical impostor, occurring in schizophrenia, dementia, and brain injury, often refractory to antipsychotics.

Capillariasis

Capillariasis, human infection by the nematodes Capillaria hepatica (hepatic capillariasis, liver biopsy diagnosis) and Capillaria philippinensis (intestinal capillariasis, fish-borne, autoinfection), treated with mebendazole or albendazole.

Capillaritis

Capillaritis, or pigmented purpura (pigmented purpuric dermatoses, purpura simplex), is a chronic benign skin eruption of leaky superficial capillaries causing cayenne-pepper petechiae and brown hemosiderin staining, mainly on the lower legs of adults 40 to 60; ICD-11 EF40.0, distinct from vasculitis.

Capillaroscopy

Capillaroscopy, also called nailfold capillaroscopy, is the noninvasive in-vivo microscopy of capillaries, performed chiefly at the nailfold to detect the microvascular abnormalities of connective tissue diseases.

Capillary

Capillary: the smallest blood vessel, 5–20 µm wide, linking arterioles and venules; site of oxygen, nutrient, and fluid exchange. Discovered by Malpighi in 1660; fluid exchange follows the revised Starling principle with the endothelial glycocalyx.

Capillary blood sampling

Capillary blood sampling collects a small blood sample, usually under 1 mL, by pricking the fingertip, heel, or earlobe, and is widely used in newborn screening and self-monitoring.

Capillary endothelial cell

A capillary endothelial cell forms the single-cell-thick wall of a capillary, the smallest blood vessel and the main site of blood-tissue exchange, and adapts to the organ it serves.

Capillary Fragility

Capillary fragility, also called capillary resistance loss, is the reduced resistance of capillaries to rupture or leakage, assessed by tourniquet or suction tests, seen in dengue, diabetes, hypertension, and aging.

Capillary leak syndrome

Capillary leak syndrome (Clarkson disease, SCLS): rare episodic disorder of capillary hyperpermeability causing hypotension, hemoconcentration, hypoalbuminemia; ~500 cases; MGUS in most; IVIG prophylaxis improves survival.

Capillary malformations

Capillary malformations (port-wine stains, nevus flammeus) are congenital low-flow malformations of dilated capillaries and postcapillary venules, appearing as pink to purple birthmarks, sometimes with Sturge-Weber or Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, treated mainly with pulsed dye laser.

Capillary Permeability

Capillary permeability (microvascular or vascular permeability) is the selective exchange of substances across capillary endothelium via transcellular and paracellular routes, governed by the glycocalyx and the revised Starling principle, and raised in inflammation and capillary leak syndrome.

Capillary refill

Capillary refill (CRT) is the bedside test timing skin color return after blanching pressure, used to assess peripheral perfusion and shock; normal under 2 seconds conventionally, varies with age, sex, and temperature, and guides sepsis resuscitation.

Capillary-lymphatic malformation

Capillary-lymphatic malformation (CLM) is a combined slow-flow vascular malformation mixing capillary and lymphatic vessels, classified by ISSVA among combined malformations, occurring isolated or in syndromes such as Klippel-Trenaunay and CLOVES.

Capillary-lymphatic-venous malformation

Capillary-lymphatic-venous malformation (CLVM) is a slow-flow combined vascular malformation of capillaries, lymphatics, and veins in the ISSVA classification; with hypertrophy it is Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, linked to PIK3CA overgrowth spectra.

Capillary-venous malformation

Capillary-venous malformation (CVM, ORPHA:717611) is a slow-flow combined vascular malformation of capillary plus venous components in one lesion, distinct from CM+VM syndromes like Klippel-Trenaunay.

Capital Financing

Capital financing: funding of long-lived facilities and equipment (MeSH D002202), distinct from operating finance. Covers grants, municipal bonds, capital charges, PPPs, and NHS and US hospital financing history.

Capivasertib

Capivasertib (Truqap, AZD5363) is AstraZeneca's first-in-class oral ATP-competitive AKT1/2/3 inhibitor, FDA-approved in 2023 with fulvestrant for PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN-altered HR-positive HER2-negative breast cancer and in 2026 for PTEN-deficient prostate cancer.